The Reliability and Internal Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Bowden, Stephen C.; Fowler, Kylie S.; Bell, Richard; Whelan, Gregory; Clifford, Christine; Ritter, Alison; Long, Caroline

doi:10.1080/713755573

Cited by 69 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Differences in task administration and scoring procedures as well as poor psychometric properties also may have influenced the findings. Surprisingly, there are only a handful of studies examining the reliability and validity of executive function measures, and these studies usually find low reliability and inadequate validity (Bowden et al, 1998;Humes et al, 1997;Kafer and Hunter, 1997;Miyake et al, 2000;Schnirman et al, 1998;Vandierendonck, 2000). Parks et al (1992) suggested that parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of executive function tasks may help to circumvent some of these problems with reliability and validity.…”

Section: Summary Of Qualitative and Quantitative Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

2006

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Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as "supervisory" cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the "executive function" construct, there has been a historical linkage of these "higher-level" processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term "frontal functions" synonymously with "executive functions" despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.

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Section: Summary Of Qualitative and Quantitative Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

2006

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“…No significant differences were observed between the two groups on the other WCST measures. Most authors have proposed that the WCST assesses the ability to shift sets [19] [29] [30], problem-solving/hypothesis-testing, and response maintenance [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Martínez¹,

Sanz-Martín²,

Guevara³

et al. 2015

JBBS

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Child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors can present post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alterations in EEG activity and cognition. The aim of this study was to evaluate EEG correlations in female adolescents with CSA-related PTSD during performance of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WSCT). Inter-and intrahemispheric EEG correlations (INTERr and INTRAr) of those subjects were calculated at rest and during performance of WCST. On this task, the PTSD group obtained higher scores than the control group for the number of correct responses and failure to maintain set. In the between-groups comparisons, the PTSD group presented a higher INTERr between frontal areas in the gamma and slow bands, as well as a higher correlation in the delta band at Fp1-F3; however, this group presented a lower INTRAr between Fp1-P3 and Fp2-P4 in the theta and alpha1 bands. In the comparison between conditions, the PTSD group presented an increased correlation during execution of the WCST, mainly in the gamma band, while the control group showed a decrease of INTRAr in the slow bands. Results are discussed with respect to the influence of CSArelated PTSD on the development of cognition and functional connectivity in the brain.

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“…The reliability of neuropsychological difference scores was determined by first computing the reliability of each composite for each factor solution. To accomplish this, reliabilities for each neuropsychological variable were obtained from published reports (Bowden et al, 1998;Dikmen et al, 1999;Fastenau et al, 1998;Franzen et al, 1995Franzen et al, , 1996Ingram et al, 1999;Tate et al, 1998;Wechsler, 1997c;Wilkinson, 1993). In cases where internal consistency or alternate forms reliability estimates could not be obtained, test-retest reliability was substituted.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the reliability of ipsative interpretations in neuropsychology: A comparison of reliable components analysis and other factor analytic methods

Frazier

Youngstrom

Chelune

et al. 2004

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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Ipsative approaches to neuropsychological assessment typically involve interpreting difference scores between individual test scores. The utility of these methods is limited by the reliability of neuropsychological difference scores and the number of comparisons between scores. The present study evaluated the utility of difference scores using factor analytic methods, including reliable components analysis (RCA), equally weighted composites and individual neuropsychological measures. Data from 1,364 individuals referred for neuropsychological assessment were factor analyzed and the resulting solutions were used to compute composite scores. Reliabilities and confidence intervals were derived for each method. Results indicated that RCA outperformed other factor analytic methods, but produced a slightly different factor structure. Difference scores derived using orthogonal solutions were slightly more reliable than oblique methods, and both were more reliable than those from equally weighted composites and individual measures. Confidence intervals for difference scores were considerably smaller for factor methods relative to those for individual test comparisons, due to the greater reliability of factor based difference scores and the smaller number of comparisons required. These findings suggest that difference scores derived from orthogonal factor solutions, particularly RCA solutions, may improve reliability for clinical assessment purposes.

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The Reliability and Internal Validity of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Cited by 69 publications

References 10 publications

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes: A Meta-Analytic Review

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Increasing the reliability of ipsative interpretations in neuropsychology: A comparison of reliable components analysis and other factor analytic methods

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