The Reliability of a Posterior-to-Anterior Spinal Stiffness Measuring System in a Population of Patients With Low Back Pain

A structured review of spinal stiffness as a kinesiological outcome of manipulation: Its measurement and utility in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decision-making

“…Muscle activity " with " muscle activity Lee et al (1993a,b) 11 asymptomatics Shirley et al (1999) 20 patients with LBP Essendrop et al (2002) 9 asymptomatics Colloca and Keller (2004) 13 patients with LBP Lee et al (2006) 17 asymptomatics Stanton and Kawchuk (2008) 28 asymptomatics Position " in lumbar spine with increased lordosis Edmondston et al (1998) 12 asymptomatics " in cervical spine with increased extension Snodgrass and Rhodes (2012) 25 asymptomatics Skin fold thickness ; with " skin fold thickness Lee et al (1998) 21 asymptomatics Intra-abdominal pressure " with " intra-abdominal pressure Cholewicki et al (1999) 10 asymptomatics Essendrop et al (2002) 9 asymptomatics Hodges et al (2005) 3 asymptomatics Low back pain " with frequent or constant symptoms Colloca and Keller (2001) 22 patients with LBP ; at a single lumbar level more commonly with LBP compared to asymptomatic participants Kulig et al (2007) 45 with LBP and 20 asymptomatics ; when LBP resolves by at least 80% Latimer et al (1996b) 25 with LBP and 25 asymptomatics ; with LBP compared to asymptomatics Shirley and Lee (1993) 2 with LBP and 6 asymptomatics " with LBP compared to asymptomatics Brodeur and Delre (1999) 47 with LBP and 20 asymptomatics Posterior disk height ratio " with " PDHR Colloca et al (2003) 18 patients with LBP Spinal level ; in mid lumbar spine 19 asymptomatics Lee et al (1998) 21 asymptomatics Keller et al (2000) 20 asymptomatics Colloca et al (2003) 18 patients with LBP " linearly from L1 to S1 Viner et al (1997) 42 asymptomatics Tenderness " in tender locations compared to non-tender locations Tuttle et al (2009) 10 asymptomatics Gender " in males Lee et al (1998) 21 asymptomatics Brodeur and Delre (1999) 47 with LBP and 20 asymptomatics Owens et al (2007b) 192 patients with LBP Snodgrass et al (2008) 67 asymptomatics Age " with " age Snodgrass et al (2008) 67 asymptomatics Pelvic rotation stiffness " with " pelvic rotation stiffness L...…”

“…2). Others measure using similar mechanisms, except the practitioner guides the probe manually to apply the force (Owens et al, 2007b;Stanton and Kawchuk, 2009;Tuttle et al, 2008a). Another used a controlled force applied at high velocity to mimic a thrust manipulation (Colloca and Keller, 2001).…”

Cervical spine posteroanterior stiffness differs with neck position

“…Although spinal stiffness has been quantified in vivo in numerous studies using the applied force to displacement relationship (Colloca and Keller, 2004;Hodges et al, 2005;Owens et al, 2007b;Stanton and Kawchuk, 2009), there are some reports that question whether a linear measurement of stiffness is adequate as stiffness is potentially a multidimensional construct (Marcotte et al, 2005;Nicholson et al, 2001). It is possible that more complex methods may be needed to detect all the clinically relevant components of spinal stiffness.…”

Dose Optimization for Spinal Treatment Effectiveness: A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of High and Low Mobilization Forces in Patients With Neck Pain

“…The standardized force was determined by the voltage supplied to the device's motor, which allowed the indenter rod applying the force to move 14 mm against a resistance equal to 70 N. 57 Resistance to the applied force (N) and displacement (mm), or the distance the indenter rod traveled, were recorded simultaneously. The first cycle of applied force was discarded, 44,50 and stiffness was defined as the slope of the linear portion of the force-displacement curve averaged over cycles 2 through 5 (N/mm). 53,57 The linear portion was determined by viewing the force-displacement curves across the sample and selecting a linear range ap-propriate for all spinal levels measured.…”