The Reliability of the Ball-tipped Probe for Detecting Pedicle Screw Tract Violations Prior to Instrumenting the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine

Utility of Electromyography for Nerve Root Monitoring During Spinal Surgery

“…Both ball-tipped probes (Sedory et al, 2011) and intraoperative fluoroscopy (Santos et al, 2011) offer guidance in placing screws accurately, but still result in misplaced screws.…”