“…Some of the constraints are structural in nature, while others are related to the individual. Examples of structural constraints include lack of administrative support for science teaching often related to the emphasis on standardized testing (Milner, Sondergeld, Demir, Johnson, & Czerniak, 2012; Upadhyay, 2009); access to materials and resources (Carrier, Whitehead, Walkowiak, Luginbuhl, & Thomson, 2017; Murphy, Neil, & Beggs, 2007), and time to prepare for science teaching (Davis et al, 2006; Goodrum, Cousins, & Kinnear, 1992).…”