The Removal of Perchlorate from Waters Using Ion-Exchange Resins

Abstract

has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to t>e removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, t)eginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t)een reproduced xerographically in this copy Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' R ep ro d u ced with p erm ission o f the copyright ow ner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout p erm ission.

Trace Analysis of Bromate, Chlorate, Iodate, and Perchlorate in Natural and Bottled Waters

“…Unfortunately, liquid-phase mass spectrometric methods are often hindered by ion-suppression and ion-enhancement effects, where nontarget species interfere with accurate quantification. To obtain accurate quantitation using IC-MS or LC-MS techniques, many investigators used cleanup techniques to minimize interfering compounds (21) or standard addition to compensate for suppression/enhancement artifacts (36,37,41).…”

Treatment of Perchlorate-Contaminated Groundwater Using Highly-Selective, Regenerable Anion-Exchange Resins at Edwards Air Force Base

“…Obviously, a combination of selective ion exchange and the FeCl 3 -HCl regeneration technologies are promising in remediating groundwater contaminated with ClO 4 -with both a greatly increased treatment efficiency as well as a reduced frequency of resin regeneration compared to the waste brine production and disposal of conventional non-selective ion-exchange -(or about 100,000 bed volumes of water containing 50 µg/L ClO 4 -) (Gu et al, 2000a), the waste regenerant production is estimated to be <0.005% of the amount of groundwater treated. This is approximately 2 orders of magnitude less than what may be produced by using conventional NaCl brine regeneration technique (Batista et al, 2000;Brown et al, 2000).…”

“…These resins are called "bifunctional" anionexchange resins because they have two quaternary ammonium groups: the first has long alkyl chains for higher selectivity, and the second has shorter alkyl chains for improved reaction kinetics. Treatment by ion exchange using these highly-selective anion exchange resins is one of the most promising methods for removing ClO 4 -at low concentration levels (Gu et al, 2000a,b;Brown et al, 2000;Bonnesen et al, 2000;Venkatesh et al, 2000;Tripp and Clifford, 2000;Batista et al, 2000). In addition to successful benchscale demonstrations, a recent field experiment showed that one bifunctional resin bed (Purolite D-3696) was able to treat more than 100,000 bed volumes of groundwater before a significant breakthrough of ClO 4 -occurred (with an initial ClO 4 -concentration of ~50 µg/L) (Gu et al, 2000a).…”

Tc-99 Ion Exchange Resin Testing

“…Ion-exchange technology has been widely used for various separation processes, such as industrial processing of semi-conductors, water softening, and wastewater and groundwater treatment (Batista et al 2000, Tripp and Clifford 2000, Helfferich 1995, Melis et al 1996, Marina et al 1996, Tao and Xiao 1996, Sorg et al 1999, and Guseva et al 1988. The ion-exchange mechanism is generally known as being the result of simple electrostatic interaction, although factors such as the size and nature of counter-ions, their hydration energy, and the types of functional groups on resin surfaces significantly impact the thermodynamics and kinetics of the exchange reactions (Moyer and Bonnesen 1997, Gu et al 2000b.…”