The removal of tetracycline from water using biochar produced from agricultural discarded material

Abstract

An issue of significant importance worldwide is the contamination of water with antibiotics giving rise to antibiotic resistance in the environment. Antibiotics such as tetracycline are widely used in agriculture, as such they can pollute water courses, providing a means by which environmental bacteria can evolve antibiotic resistance genes. Biochar can form part of a solution as it is a well-known adsorbent. This material can be efficient in the adsorption of a wide range of pollutants and is inexpensive. An innovative heat pipe reactor was used to produce biochar from excess food and garden materials. This biochar was characterised using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analyser (SEM-EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The biochar produced had an adsorption capacity between 2.98 mg/g and 8.23 mg/g for initial tetracycline concentrations of 20 mg/l and 100 mg/l, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm provided the best fit to the experimental data. Kinetics examination revealed a rapid adsorption of tetracycline during the initial stages. The Elovich equation fitted the experimental data well. This adsorbent could therefore be produced at the site of an agricultural enterprise through the pyrolysis of agriculture waste and then used to reduce the infiltration of antibiotics into the environment.

Adsorption of Tetracycline Antibiotic from Aqueous solutions using Natural Iraqi Bentonite

“…In addition, a linear pattern was observed for both isotherms, with a better fit of the data with Langmuir isotherm as indicated from their R 2 values, which proposes that the TCN removal onto IBT applied to Langmuir isotherm. Moreover, The maximum adsorption capacity of IBT was found to be 23.69 mg g -1 , which is greater than that of agricultural waste (qm = 15.52 mg g -1 ) [8].…”

“…Tetracycline hydrochloride is recognized to present in the solution with different forms, and each form relies on the pH values. Under acidic conditions it exist as H4TCN + , and it present as H2TCN − at the basic conditions, while close to neutral the dominant form is H3TCN [8]. The variation of the pH on TCN uptake onto IBT surface are presented in Fig.…”

“…Due to their efficiency to treat diseases resulted from infection; antibiotics are widely used in large quantities to control diseases that influence the organisms [6]. Tetracycline hydrochloride (TCN) is one of the most important pharmaceutical antibiotics used in the treatment of many infections caused by various types of infectious bacteria [7,8]. It has been commonly applied to treat animal diseases, including adding it to animal feed to enhance their growth [3].…”

Peroxymonosulfate activation by tea residue biochar loaded with Fe3O4 for the degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride: performance and reaction mechanism

“… 29 The peak at 594.05 cm −1 showed the presence of O–S in the infrared spectrum of T-BC, which can also be seen in the infrared spectrum of Fe 3 O 4 @T-BC. 30 In addition, the difference between Fe 3 O 4 @T-BC and T-BC is that there is a strong Fe–O absorption peak at 579.02 cm −1 , 27 which indirectly proves that Fe 3 O 4 was successfully synthesized on the biochar. Studies have shown that these oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of carbon materials can directly act as catalytic sites or intermediates for electron transfer to affect the catalytic activity of biochar.…”

Removal and Adsorption Mechanism of Tetracycline Using Manganese-modified Cotton Straw Biochar in an Aqueous Solution

“…[MathJax]/jax/output/CommonHTML/jax.js BC adsorption mechanisms include pore diffusion, Lewis acid-base action, electrostatic action, ion exchange, surface complexation, a cationic-π mechanism, H bonding, and π-π stacking(Hoslett et al 2021;Peiris et al 2017;Zhao et al 2021). The speci c mechanism depends on the physical and chemical properties of the BC and the properties of the solution.The well-developed pore structure and large speci c surface area of BC are conducive to the physical diffusion of TC molecules, which is also an important factor for the effective removal of TC by hightemperature BC(Liu and Fan, 2018).…”