The repeatability and reproducibility of four techniques for measuring horizontal heterophoria: Implications for clinical practice

Short-Term Effect of Wearing of Extended Depth-of-Focus Contact Lenses in Myopic Children: A Pilot Study

“…This should be investigated further in future studies. Concerning the minimal variations of the measurements obtained with the cover test, it may be associated with the inherent variability of the measurement of the phoria, especially in this reduced sample [37].…”

Comparison of phoropter and trial frame-based von Graefe heterophoria measures in non-presbyopic participants

“…Several studies have also found that the average near horizontal heterophoria is 3-6 Δ exophoria. 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 A vertical heterophoria occurs when the covered eye drifts up or down. Not much is known about vertical heterophoria,…”

“…2,7,8 The measurement of heterophoria is routinely assessed in clinical optometric or ophthalmologic practice to determine the binocular visual status and anomalies of an individual. 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 Diagnosis of conditions such as convergence insufficiency or convergence excess or divergence excess can be causes of the symptoms which can occur at distance, near or both. 7 Accurate and repeatable clinical measurements of heterophoria are important when diagnosing and managing such conditions.…”

“…Several clinical methods have been established for the measurement of dissociated heterophoria, and many studies have been published on their reliability and regarding comparisons between different measurement methods. 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 Most methods of heterophoria measurements are subjective. The von Graefe (VG) method is a popular and common method for measuring heterophoria where dissociation is achieved with the use of either horizontal or vertical prisms.…”

“…The von Graefe (VG) method is a popular and common method for measuring heterophoria where dissociation is achieved with the use of either horizontal or vertical prisms. 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 Although the use of the cover test in clinical practice is also common, it has possible limitations such as the results depend on the experience of the clinician. 2,7 Some authors have reported that the minimum detectable ocular deviation using the cover test is approximately 2 Δ .…”