The replacement of cadmium coating on parts of the weapon with tungsten-disulphide coating

Abstract

Galvanic cadmium coatings were applied on the material in order to improve some properties such as: corrosion resistance, improved tribological properties, chemical stability, etc. The paper describes the properties of the cadmium coating and a replaceable coating as well. Cadmium is a very toxic element, so its use in EU countries and around the world is limited or completely eliminated. During the process of deposition of the cadmium coating, it is necessary to comply with the relevant legislation in order to protect living and working environment. As an alternative to cadmium coatings, zinc coatings, zinc nickel alloys, tin-zinc coatings and aluminum coatings obtained in vacuum are most commonly applied. As one of the possible replacement of the cadmium coating, there is a coating of nano-based tungsten-disulfide. The paper presents the results of testing the properties of tungsten-disulfide coatings in nanoparticles and their comparison with cadmium coatings.

Assessment of post-war groundwater quality in urban areas of Mosul city /Iraq and surrounding areas for drinking and irrigation purposes by using the Canadian Environment Water Quality Index CCME-WQI and Heavy Metal Pollution Index HPI

“…For chromium (Cr), the analyses showed compliance with the drinking water limits for wells W1-W6 and compliance with the irrigation limits for W7 and W8, whereby the average concentrations were almost identical at 61.0 and 63.5 µg/L, respectively. As chromium-containing alloys are used as passivation alloys for ammunition (Jovanovic et al, 2018;sharma et al ,2020, there is again a causal relationship with the conflict zone and the infiltration of chromiumcontaining surface runoff into the groundwater. The detected concentration range was between 8.90-63.5 µg/L.…”

Assessment of the Impact of War on Concentrations of Pollutants and Heavy Metals and Their Seasonal Variations in Water and Sediments of the Tigris River in Mosul/Iraq

“…However, this type of bomb was also used by U.S. forces during the second Gulf War [35]. Sulfate emissions can result from the combustion of antimony sulfides when munitions are fired [36,37]. However, in the case of Mosul, the burning of the Mishraq industrial complex (SO 2 , SO 3 ) [8,38], 45 km south of Mosul in October 2016, in particular, played a substantial role, where the resulting gases entered the river through wet deposition into the soil and surface drainage [5], and the sulfur springs extend from Mosul in the north to Qayara in the south for 60 km along the Tigris River, where the River Tigris is also a zone of discharge [27].…”

Assessment of war impact on concentrations of pollutants and heavy metals and their seasonal variations in water and sediments of the Tigris River in Mosul / Iraq

“…However, this type of bomb was also used by U.S. forces during the second Gulf War (Reuters et al 2005). Sulfate emissions can result from the combustion of antimony sulphides when munitions are red (Mariussen et al 2021, Jovanovic et al 2018). However, in the case of Mosul, the burning of the Mishraq industrial complex (SO 2 , SO 3 ) (UNEP and OCHA 2016, BBC 2016) 45 km south of Mosul in October 2016 in particular, where the resulting gases entered the river through wet deposition into the soil and surface drainage (UNEP 2018), and the sulfur springs extending from Mosul in the north to Qayara in the south for 60 km along the Tigris River, where the River Tigris is also a zone of discharge (Jassim S. Z. et al 1999), played a substantial role.…”

“…The purpose of this design is to provide improved trajectory as well as greater penetration of the projectiles into soft tissue (Coget et al 2021, Deese 2021). Supplementary galvanic cadmium coatings are applied to improve some properties like corrosion resistance, improved tribological properties, and chemical stability (Jovanovic et al 2018). Chromatic layers are applied as a supplementary passivation (Jovanovic et al 2018).…”

“…Supplementary galvanic cadmium coatings are applied to improve some properties like corrosion resistance, improved tribological properties, and chemical stability (Jovanovic et al 2018). Chromatic layers are applied as a supplementary passivation (Jovanovic et al 2018). Therefore, the use of weapons in con ict zones leads to an increase in heavy metal concentrations.…”