“…For instance, like Mitchell (2008) and Haynes (2003), Yardley reported that images of individual male scientists, working alone, were prominent, a phenomenon that Gigante (2018) argued characterizes science as exclusive and scientists as superior. Correspondingly, Yardley (2015) held that—across contexts of time and place—illustrations of instruments such as flasks and microscopes were used to symbolize the expertise and precision science requires, a finding also upheld by Jordanova (2000) who demonstrated that public portrayals of scientific practitioners in the twentieth century across media such as portraits, photographs, and stamps were more likely to include scientific instruments than were those of previous centuries and thereby portray the sciences as complicated and specialized. Yardley’s (2015) research aligns, as well, with that of Toumey (1996), who argued that mainstream stories about science tend to “convert abstract ideas into semi-abstract representations” such as E = mc 2 or, as Northcut (2006) noted, the double-helix model of DNA, which functions less to explicate the technical reasoning they represent and more to “humanize the scientific idea by casting it in a familiar representation” (Toumey, 1996: 125).…”