The Residential Decentralization of Social Status Groups in American Metropolitan Communities, 1950-1980

Schwirian, Kent P.; Hankins, F. Martin; Ventresca, Carol A.

doi:10.1093/sf/68.4.1143

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Given a sufficient period of time, this joint gentrification-displacement process should produce what some observers have called a 'reverse social status gradient,' which is the reverse ofthe prevailing premise in economic/ecological models that average social status increases with increasing distance from the city centre (Schwirian et al 1986). Social status in the elite inner city model tends to decrease as one moves toward the suburban margin.…”

Section: Hypotheses On Structural Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in 1986, 16% of the nation's population was foreign-born, but this varied from 2% in Newfoundland to 25% in Ontario. 26 Schwirian et al (1986) have shown that several smaller American metropolitan areas have had reverse (positive) status gradients for a long time. Thus, the traditional ecological model has never been universally applicable, even in North America.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Bourne

1989

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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Frequent reference is made in the urban literature to a recent and massive restructuring of the form of contemporary cities. This paper tests five separate but related hypotheses concerning the outcomes of this process and whether they suggest the emergence of new urban forms. The analysis builds on the results reported in an earlier paper in this journal using data on the changing intraurban properties of the 27 largest urban areas in Canada. The empirical results confirm the hypotheses of a continued decentralization of population and employment and of an increasingly diverse social and ethnocultural landscape. They do not, however, support the hypotheses of higher levels of residential segregation by income nor the emergence of an elite inner city (the reverse social status gradient). A wider spatial mismatch between the distribution of jobs and labour is confirmed by journey‐to‐work data, but primarily for inner city residents. In addition, these data suggest that, despite the rapid suburbanization of employment, a distinct multi‐nucleated urban form has not as yet emerged. Les publications dans le domaine de la littérature urbaine font état fréquemment d'une restructuration massive et recente de l'organisation des villes contemporaines. Le présent article examine cinq hypothèses différentes quoique reliées—hypothèses quant à l'issue du processus de restructuration et quant à l'émergence possible de nouvelles formes. L'analyse s'appuie sur les résultats rapportés dans un article précédent publié dans cette revue et utilisant des données sur les propriétés intra‐urbaines en changement dans les 27 agglomérations urbaines les plus importantes du Canada. Les résultats empiriques confirment fes hypothèses d'une décentralisation continue de la population et de l'emploi et d'un paysage social et ethnoculturel de plus en plus divers. Cependant les résultats n'appuientpas I'hypothèse d'une plus grande ségrégation résidentielle d'après le revenu ou encore l'hypothèse de l'émergence d'un centre urbain occupé par l'élite (le gradient inverse du statut social). Les donnees du trajet au travail confirment l'existence d'un déséquilibre spatial beaucoup plus grand entre la distribution des emplois et celle de la main d'euvre, ceci principalement chez les résidents du centre. De plus ces données suggèrent qu'une forme distincte de nuclei multiple n'est pas encore apparue malgré une décentralisation rapide de l'emploi en banlieue.

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Section: Hypotheses On Structural Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Bourne

1989

Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes

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“…For example, because residence in a specific community generally represents an individual's or family's social status (Hunter, 1974; Schwirian, Hankins, and Ventresca, 1990), knowing minority group members in one's community may represent a unique, equal‐status form of contact. In spite of this, early research found mixed support for the positive effects of black‐white contact in communities (see Pettigrew, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nice to Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti‐Black and Anti‐Hispanic Stereotypes^*

Dixon

Rosenbaum

2004

Social Science Quarterly

233

197

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Objective. Many racial/ethnic policies in the United States-from desegregation to affirmative action policies-presume that contact improves racial/ethnic relations. Most research, however, tests related theories in isolation from one another and focuses on black-white contact. This article tests contact, cultural, and group threat theories to learn how contact in different interactive settings affects whites' stereotypes of blacks and Hispanics, now the largest minority group in the country. Method. We use multi-level modeling on 2000 General Social Survey data linked to Census 2000 metropolitan statistical area/county-level data. Results. Net of the mixed effects of regional culture and racial/ethnic composition, contact in certain interactive settings ameliorates anti-black and anti-Hispanic stereotypes. Conclusions. Cultural and group threat theories better explain anti-black stereotypes than anti-Hispanic stereotypes, but as contact theory suggests, stereotypes can be overcome with relatively superficial contact under the right conditions. Results provide qualified justification for the preservation of desegregation and affirmative action policies.Many recent American policies concerning race and ethnicity-from desegregation to affirmative action policies-are premised and defended on the belief that whites' contact with minorities ameliorates racial and ethnic tensions. Legal scholars note that the landmark Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision rested in part on the assumption that school segregation impedes cultural awareness that can be gained from black-white interaction in the classroom (Lockhart et al., 1996). In the policy realm of housing, one of the arguments made by members of Congress in favor of the

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“…Density was found to decline in exponential fashion with distance from the CBD (Clark 1951;Newling 1966). The work of Haggerty (1971) and recently Schwirian, Hankins, and Ventresca (1990) demonstrate the continued salience of the Burgess model with its emphasis on the zonal differentia tion of residential settlement patterns in American metropolitan areas.…”

Section: Urban Spatial Structurementioning

confidence: 82%

The Spatial Determinants of Neighborhood Structure: Cleveland, Ohio, 1930–1980

Hankins

1991

Sociological Focus

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The Residential Decentralization of Social Status Groups in American Metropolitan Communities, 1950-1980

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Nice to Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti‐Black and Anti‐Hispanic Stereotypes^*

The Spatial Determinants of Neighborhood Structure: Cleveland, Ohio, 1930–1980

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The Residential Decentralization of Social Status Groups in American Metropolitan Communities, 1950-1980

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Are New Urban Forms Emerging? Empirical Tests for Canadian Urban Areas

Nice to Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti‐Black and Anti‐Hispanic Stereotypes*

The Spatial Determinants of Neighborhood Structure: Cleveland, Ohio, 1930–1980

Contact Info

Product

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Nice to Know You? Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti‐Black and Anti‐Hispanic Stereotypes^*