The Resistance of Immature Bramley's Seedling Apples to Rotting by Nectria galligena Bres

Swinburne, T. R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-148850-5.50018-3

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The disease can cause serious damage due to fruit rot in orchards with high inoculum on twigs and trunks. However, even though the infection of woody tissues has generally been well elucidated, few studies have investigated the infection of fruit by the fungus, and most of the existing studies were performed by Swinburne in the 1970s (Brown and Swinburne 1971;Swinburne 1971Swinburne , 1973Swinburne , 1974Swinburne , 1975 using apple cultivars that are not grown in Brazil. In addition, studies on the behavior of the pathogen in fruit under the climatic conditions of the southern region of Brazil are lacking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

Gelain

Alves

Moreira

et al. 2020

Trop. plant pathol.

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European Canker and Neonectria fruit rot (NFR), caused by Neonectria ditissima, has become a major problem for the production of apples (Malus domestica) in Brazil. This study characterized environmental factors affecting in vitro growth and germination of Neonectria ditissima as well as infection, colonization and reproduction, ex vivo, on 'Gala' and 'Eva' fruit. Temperatures between 17 to 20 °C were optimum for mycelial growth, and minimal growth occurred at 35 °C. Micro/ macroconidia sporulation ratio was lower at 10 °C for most of the isolates tested, and no macroconidia were produced at 30 °C. More than 70% of conidia germinated after 12 h of exposure to constant humidity incubation and a temperature of 25 °C. Germination rate as high as 90% occurred after 48 h regardless of the temperature. Incubation of 2 h with high humidity is not sufficient for germination of 10% of conidia at any temperature between 10 to 30 °C. The cultivars Eva and Gala did not differ in relation to incubation period. A minimum of 25 days was necessary for sporulation on fruit incubated at 16.8-21.7 °C. Unwounded fruit did not present symptoms even 40 days after inoculation on intact epidermis, demonstrating the need of wounds for NFR development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

Gelain

Alves

Moreira

et al. 2020

Trop. plant pathol.

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“…Hitherto it has been thought that the fruit becomes infected by conidia which are believed to germinate and penetrate through the lenticels and wounds. Infections of fruits usually remain quiescent until after the fruit is placed in storage, particularly in controlled atmosphere stores (Swinburne, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A monoclonal antibody immunoassay for the detection of Nectria galligena in apple fruit and woody tissues ¹

Dewey

Swinburne

1995

EPPO Bulletin

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Relatively rapid, highly specific monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent and immunofluorescent assays have been developed to detect and visualize Nectria galligena in woody tissue. Hybridoma cell lines were raised by co‐immunization of mice with extracts from freeze‐dried cultures of N. galligena and murine polyclonal antiserum to a related pathogen, N. haematococca. This method appeared to reduce the number of hybridoma cell lines that secreted cross‐reactive antibodies. From two fusions, ten cell lines that recognized N. galligena and not N. cinnabarina were raised. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by ELISA using antigen‐coated wells. Monoclonal antibodies from one cell line, NG‐IE4, proved useful in the detection of the pathogen in woody tissue by ELISA and antibodies from another cell line, NG‐DF11, have been used to immunolocalize the fungus in woody tissue by immunofluorescence. Further applications are ongoing.

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“…Two lines of investigation have shown that fungal enzymes can also act as elicitors. Swinburne (22,23) has implicated a fungal proteinase as an elicitor of benzoic acid production in infected apple fruit. In addition, recent work in our laboratory (11,12) has shown that homogeneous a-1,4-endopolygalacturonase from culture filtrates of the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer elicits casbene synthetase activity in castor bean (R communis L.) seedlings.…”

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Elicitation of Casbene Synthetase Activity in Castor Bean

Bruce¹,

West²

1982

Plant Physiol.

139

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castor bean plant as a phytoalexin (18). A number of the biochemical characteristics of casbene biosynthesis have been elucidated (26).Substances which trigger the production of phytoalexins in higher plants are termed elicitors. A wide variety of fungal molecules, including polysaccharide wall components, polypeptides, glycoproteins and lipids, have been implicated as elicitors (25). Two lines of investigation have shown that fungal enzymes can also act as elicitors. Swinburne (22,23) has implicated a fungal proteinase as an elicitor of benzoic acid production in infected apple fruit. In addition, recent work in our laboratory (11,12) has shown that homogeneous a-1,4-endopolygalacturonase from culture filtrates of the fungus Rhizopus stolonifer elicits casbene synthetase activity in castor bean (R communis L.) seedlings. In both cases, heat-treatment of the enzyme preparations leads to equivalent losses of both enzymic activity and elicitor ability. This suggests that the elicitor abilities of these enzymes may be dependent on their catalytic activities.The work described in this paper demonstrates that pectic cell wall fragments released from particulate fractions of castor bean seedling homogenates through the action of R stolonifer endopolygalacturonase possess casbene synthetase elicitor activity and supports a model in which these elicitor fragments serve as obligate intermediates in the process of elicitation by the enzyme in vivo.Many species of higher plants have been shown to produce antifungal compounds known as phytoalexins (4,6,10). The presence of low or undetectable levels of phytoalexins in healthy plant tissues and the greatly increased accumulation of these substances in the region of fungal infection are distinctive features of phytoalexin production. Because of these characteristics and their general toxicities for a broad range of fungi, phytoalexins are believed to play a defensive role against invasion of the plant by fungal predators.Casbene is one of the five cyclic diterpene hydrocarbons produced from GGPP2 in cell-free extracts of young seedlings of the castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) (14,15 Figure 1. At the lower concentrations of elicitor, the amount of casbene synthetase activity follows a nearly linear relationship with the amount of elicitor tested. Higher levels of elicitor, however, saturate the response. The amount of EPGase tested in elicitor bioassays was usually between 0.2 and 0.3 units in order to produce responses which were in the approximately linear region of the dose response curve.Synthesis of Radiolabeled Geranylgeranyl Pyropbosphate. 4,4'-[3H]Geranylgeraniol (10.0 mCi/mmol) was synthesized from farnesylacetone in a manner similar to that described by Upper andWest (24) as later modified by Simcox (17). The tritium label was introduced into farnesylacetone by refluxing a solution of famesylacetone and tritiated water in dioxane for 40 h. A small amount of NaOH was added to the mixture prior to reflux to catalyze the exchange of hydrogens bound to carbons alpha to...

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The Resistance of Immature Bramley's Seedling Apples to Rotting by Nectria galligena Bres

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

A monoclonal antibody immunoassay for the detection of Nectria galligena in apple fruit and woody tissues ¹

Elicitation of Casbene Synthetase Activity in Castor Bean

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The Resistance of Immature Bramley's Seedling Apples to Rotting by Nectria galligena Bres

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

Neonectria ditissima physiological traits and susceptibility of ‘Gala’ and ‘Eva’ detached apple fruit

A monoclonal antibody immunoassay for the detection of Nectria galligena in apple fruit and woody tissues 1

Elicitation of Casbene Synthetase Activity in Castor Bean

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A monoclonal antibody immunoassay for the detection of Nectria galligena in apple fruit and woody tissues ¹