The Resistance of Materials to Impact

Abstract

During the years 1904-1905 the authors were engaged in a research on the resistance of certain kinds of iron and steel to reversals of direct stress.* I n these experiments the change from tension to compression was gradual, and followed an approximately simple harmonic law, special care being taken to avoid the subjection of the specimens to sudden shock, the effect of which, it was considered, would complicate the problem, and might conveniently form the subject of another research. Since in ordinary machine practice the stresses induced in the moving parts are, in general, due to a combination of shock and gradually applied load, as might happen in the case of the crank-pins and bearings of reciprocating engines, it appeared to the authors that the determination of the relative resistances to sudden shock of the same materials as used in the previous work on gradual reversals of stress would, combined with the previous results, be of considerable value to the designer. This determination appeared to be the more urgently required, since in the opinion of engineers of such wide

Dynamic fractures of adhesively bonded carbon fibre-reinforced polymeric joints

“…More than a century ago a 'shock-fatigue' test, defined as a one 'involving a large number of relatively small blows' was used to study a response of steels to this type of loading in comparison with a static test and a 'single-blow' test (Stanton & Bairstow, 1908). Those tests were performed with specially designed testing machines for impacts in bending, tension and compression.…”

“…Those tests were performed with specially designed testing machines for impacts in bending, tension and compression. The tests in bending were implemented for loading histories of up to 10 6 cycles, while those for tensile impacts, 'owing to the relatively slow speed of the direct-impact tester,' were limited to 50,000 impacts (Stanton & Bairstow, 1908). A difference between effects due to IF and both single-impact loading and SF was apparent at that time as well as the absence of a durability limit (named 'limiting resistance').…”

“…Already in 1908, Stanton and Bairstow (Stanton & Bairstow, 1908) noticed 'remarkable endurance for lighter blows' in brittle specimens. Some authors even mention a higher resistance of specimens exposed to IF conditions as compared to SF.…”

The Low Cycle Impact Fatigue Properties of Pearlitic Plain Carbon Steels

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The results of Stanton and Bairstow (1908) have been reanalyzed to yield information on the composition dependence of the low cycle impact fatigue properties of pearlitic plain carbon steels. It has been found that the energy absorbed per impact, E,, and the number of impacts to failure, N,, are related by the equation:In this equation q is determined by the carbon, manganese and silicon contents of the steel; E,, is the impact endurance limit; and C and D are constants.

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The Impact Fatigue Properties of Pearlitic Plain Carbon Steels

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A literature search has revealed that the most extensive study of impact fatigue reported is still that of Stanton and Bairstow (1908) who were the first to work on this topic. Their results, which were on pearlitic plain carbon steels, have been reanalyzed in an attempt to deduce from them the effects of chemical composition on impact fatigue in this class of materials.The results show that when the number of impacts to failure, A!,, is greater than about lo3, N , and the energy absorbed per impact, Ei, are related by the equation: Ei = E , + E , N i P , where E, appears to be the impact endurance limit.

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