The resistance of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. to acaricides

Transcriptional signatures of parasitization and markers of colony decline in Varroa-infested honey bees (Apis mellifera)

“…In the years following the introduction of V. destructor to the US and Europe, commercially available acaricides allowed beekeepers to control mite populations (Milani, 1999). However, widespread use of these acaricides soon led to the selection and spread of resistant mite strains (Milani, 1999).…”

“…However, widespread use of these acaricides soon led to the selection and spread of resistant mite strains (Milani, 1999). In order to develop sustainable solutions, the genetic mechanisms that allow honey bees to detect Varroa infested brood and remove diseased larvae Gilliam, 1998a, 1998b) or to tolerate Varroa parasitization without experiencing negative effects (Martin and Medina, 2004;Navajas et al, 2008) have been studied.…”

Evaluation of a thymol formulation efficacy against Varroa destructor under Central Greek climatic conditions

“…1998, Trasyvoulou 1998, Wallner 1999, καθώς και εμφάνιση ανθεκτικότητας του ακά-ρεως (Lodesani και συν. 1995, Milani 1999, Elzen και συν. 2000, Spreafico και συν.…”

“…Also, another serious problem was that in many areas the mite populations became resistant to chemicals (Lodesani et al 1995, Milani 1999, Elzen et al 2000, Spreafico et al 2001). …”

Selecting honeybees for worker brood that reduces the reproduction of Varroa destructor

“…Beekeepers have relied primarily on acaricides to protect susceptible colonies worldwide. Predictably, resistance to active ingredients in acaricides develops rapidly (Milani 1999). Other more sustainable complementary approaches may be needed in the future (Dietemann et al 2012), including the use of bees with genetic resistance.…”