The Respiration of the Developing Brain

Tyler, David B.; Harreveld, A. Van

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1942.136.4.600

Cited by 105 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…[87] and [170] for review and references). Interestingly, similar developmental hypermetabolism is evident in other species as well, with rates of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization greater in 4-7 week-old (adolescent) rats than adult rats [562] and glucose metabolic rates elevated above adult levels in cats until after sexual maturation [86].…”

Section: Cortical Synapse Elimination and "Developmental Hypermetabolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,742

110

4,301

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To successfully negotiate the developmental transition between youth and adulthood, adolescents must maneuver this often stressful period while acquiring skills necessary for independence. Certain behavioral features, including age-related increases in social behavior and risk-taking/novelty-seeking, are common among adolescents of diverse mammalian species and may aid in this process. Reduced positive incentive values from stimuli may lead adolescents to pursue new appetitive reinforcers through drug use and other risk-taking behaviors, with their relative insensitivity to drugs supporting comparatively greater per occasion use. Pubertal increases in gonadal hormones are a hallmark of adolescence, although there is little evidence for a simple association of these hormones with behavioral change during adolescence. Prominent developmental transformations are seen in prefrontal cortex and limbic brain regions of adolescents across a variety of species, alterations that include an apparent shift in the balance between mesocortical and mesolimbic dopamine systems. Developmental changes in these stressor-sensitive regions, which are critical for attributing incentive salience to drugs and other stimuli, likely contribute to the unique characteristics of adolescence. ᭧

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Section: Cortical Synapse Elimination and "Developmental Hypermetabolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

Spear

2000

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

4,742

110

4,301

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“…While it is true that oxygen utilization by all areas of the brain tends to fall, in the adult, below the maximum reached in the 35-day-old animal, the oxygen consumption of the cerebral hemispheres is nevertheless markedly higher, and that of the brain stem no lower, in the adult than in the 21-day-old animal. Oxygen consumption by the medulla, on the other hand, reaches a peak at about 21 days and falls fairly sharply thereafter, to reach a much lower level in the adult animal (Tyler & van Harreveld, 1942).…”

Section: Anabsthetics and Brain Acetylcholinementioning

confidence: 96%

The effect of anaesthesia on the acetylcholine content of brain

Crossland¹,

Merrick²

1954

The Journal of Physiology

100

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) have suggested that the amount of acetylcholine in the brain increases during anaesthesia. There is, however, little agreement as to the extent of this change and no comparison has hitherto been made of the effects of a range of anaesthetic agents on a single mammalian species or of a single anaesthetic on different species. Nor is it known in what proportions this increased acetylcholine concentration is shared by different parts of the brain. Since it seemed possible that information on these points might bear on the hypothesis that the onset of anaesthesia is causally related to the inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis by the brain, the experiments to be discussed in this paper were undertaken. A preliminary account of the main results of this investigation has already been published (Crossland, 1953). METHODS Rats and mice. Normal and anaesthetized mice, young rats (25-30 g in weight) and anaesthetized adult rats were killed by being dropped directly into liquid air. This method was impracticable with unanaesthetized adult rats. In the earlier experiments they were therefore first given an intraperitoneal injection of mephenesin (Myanesin B.D.H., oc,-dihydroxy-y-(2 methylphenoxy) propane) at a dose-level of 100 mg/k and dropped into the liquid air as soon as paralysis had developed sufficiently to prevent struggling severe enough to delay their complete and rapid submersion. In the later experiments, the adult unanaesthetized rats were placed in a cylindrical container made of perforated aluminium, left undisturbed until they became normally quiet, and the whole container with the rat inside was then plunged into a large vessel of liquid air.Non-volatile anaesthetics (pentobarbitone sodium, thiopentone, Dial (Ciba)-diallylbarbituric acid with urethane-and chloralose) were given by injection into the peritoneal cavity or into a dorsal tail-vein in doses sufficient to cause deep anaesthesia, as evidenced by the loss of all somatic reflexes. The actual doses required to bring about this state varied from animal to animal but, for young rats and administration by the intraperitoneal route, they were of the order of 50 mg/k for pentobarbitone sodium, 60 mg/k for thiopentone, 0-6 ml./k for Dial (corresponding to 70 mg/k of diallylbarbituric acid and 280 mg/k of urethane) and 90 mg/k for chloralose. After injection the animals were placed in a closed chamber through which circulated oxygen with 5% carbon dioxide, or they were given this mixture from an anaesthetic rebreathing bag via

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“…This changing pattern can be expected to result in correspondingvariations in local tensions of the respiratory gases and pH. The finding of blood flow values uniformly lower in oxygen-exposed newborns than those in air could be accounted for by a flooding with oxygen of tissue characterized at this age by a relatively uniform and low oxygen requirement [13,36]. The resulting increase in local P o , would cause marked vasoconstriction.…”

Section: Effects Of Chronic Oxygen Exposurementioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Hyperoxia on the Cerebral Ciculation of the Newborn Puppy

Kennedy¹,

Grave²,

Jehle³

1971

Pediatr Res

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ExtractLocal cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the 2-day-old puppy ranged between 0.58 (superior olive) and 0.07 ml/g/min (centrum ovale), with average values in gray matter of the cerebral cortex, deep cerebral structures, and brain stem equal to 0.34, 0.38, and 0.45 ml/g/min, respectively. Animals of the same age, after being placed in oxygen for 1 hr, had a mean arterial oxygen tension (Pa o ,) of 349 mm Hg; arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa co ,) did not change from the level seen in animals kept in air. The CBF of nearly all structures was 20-30% lower in the hyperoxic newborns than in control animals. In 3-week-old puppies, CBF ranged between 1.41 (inferior colliculus) and 0.20 ml/g/min (centrum ovale), with average values for gray matter in the cerebral cortex, deep cerebral structures, and brain stem equal to 0.61, 0.72, and 0.93 ml/ g/min, respectively. Puppies at this age breathing oxygen attained a mean Pa o , of 357 mm Hg; again, Pa C o 2 values were not different from those in air. The oxygen effect on CBF in the 3-week-old animals was less than had been found at 2 days, there being far fewer structures in which the difference was significant. The smallest differences were in white matter ( -11%). Continuous exposure to oxygen for 1 week, followed by removal of the puppies to air for 2-3 days, resulted in values for CBF which were comparable with those found in control animals. Speculation

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The Respiration of the Developing Brain

Cited by 105 publications

References 0 publications

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations

The effect of anaesthesia on the acetylcholine content of brain

Effect of Hyperoxia on the Cerebral Ciculation of the Newborn Puppy

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