The Respiratory System

Richards, O. W.; Davies, R. G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6514-3_13

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…, ; Gillott, ; Duncan et al. ); however, a holopneustic arrangement (10 pairs) is believed to be the most primitive (Richards & Davies, ). Opening and closing of spiracles is controlled by muscles that are driven by impulses from the ventral nerve cord.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The closing apparatus, which separates the spiracles from the tracheae, is located on the bottom of the atrium (Snodgrass, 1935). The number of spiracles can vary depending on species or even stages of life (Snodgrass, 1935;Lawrence et al 1994Lawrence et al , 2011Gillott, 2005;Duncan et al 2010); however, a holopneustic arrangement (10 pairs) is believed to be the most primitive (Richards & Davies, 1977). Opening and closing of spiracles is controlled by muscles that are driven by impulses from the ventral nerve cord.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The tracheal system in post‐embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle

2018

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The tracheal (respiratory) system is regarded as one of the key elements which enabled insects to conquer terrestrial habitats and, as a result, achieve extreme species diversity. Despite this fact, anatomical data concerning this biological system is relatively scarce, especially in an ontogenetic context. The purpose of this study is to provide novel and reliable information on the post-embryonic development of the tracheal system of holometabolous insects using micro-computed tomography methods. Data concerning the structure of the respiratory system acquired from different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of a single insect species (Tenebrio molitor) are co-analysed in detail. Anatomy of the tracheal system is presented. Sample sizes used (29 individuals) enabled statistical analysis of the results obtained. The following aspects have been investigated (among others): the spiracle arrangement, the number of tracheal ramifications originating from particular spiracles, the diameter of longitudinal trunks, tracheal system volumes, tracheae diameter distribution and fractal dimension analysis. Based on the data acquired, the modularity of the tracheal system is postulated. Using anatomical and functional factors, the following respiratory module types have been distinguished: cephalo-prothoracic, metathoracic and abdominal. These modules can be unambiguously identified in all of the studied developmental stages. A cephalo-prothoracic module aerates organs located in the head capsule, prothorax and additionally prolegs. It is characterised by relatively thick longitudinal trunks and originates in the first thoracic spiracle pair. Thoracic modules support the flight muscles, wings, elytra, meso- and metalegs. The unique feature of this module is the presence of additional longitudinal connections between the neighbouring spiracles. These modules are concentrated around the second prothoracic and the first abdominal spiracle pairs. An abdominal module is characterised by relatively thin ventral longitudinal trunks. Its main role is to support systems located in the abdomen; however, its long visceral tracheae aerate organs situated medially from the flight muscles. Analysis of changes of the tracheal system volume enabled the calculation of growth scaling among body tissues and the volume of the tracheal system. The data presented show that the development of the body volume and tracheal system is not linear in holometabola due to the occurrence of the pupal stage causing a decrease in body volume in the imago and at the same time influencing high growth rates of the tracheal system during metamorphosis, exceeding that ones observed for hemimetabola.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The tracheal system in post‐embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle

2018

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Revealing the respiratory system of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) using micro-computed tomography

Alba‐Tercedor

Alba-Alejandre

Vega

2019

Sci Rep

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The coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) is the most economically important insect pest of coffee globally. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was used to reconstruct the respiratory system of this species for the first time; this is the smallest insect (ca. 2 mm long) for which this has been done to date. Anatomical details of the spiracles and tracheal tubes are described, images presented, and new terms introduced. The total volume and the relationship between tracheal lumen diameter, length and volume are also presented. The total length of the tracheal tubes are seventy times the length of the entire animal. Videos and a 3D model for use with mobile devices are included as supplementary information; these could be useful for future research and for teaching insect anatomy to students and the public in general.

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The Respiratory System

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

The tracheal system in post‐embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle

The tracheal system in post‐embryonic development of holometabolous insects: a case study using the mealworm beetle

Revealing the respiratory system of the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei; Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) using micro-computed tomography

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