The respiratory system of the femaleVarroa jacobsoni (Oudemans): its adaptations to a range of environmental conditions

Pugh, Philip; King, P. E.; Fordy, M. R.

doi:10.1007/bf01275523

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Relative proportions of worker and drone brood expand and contract throughout the season, and, therefore, so does the varroa population (Figure 4b). Inside the brood cell, the foundress hides, immobile, in the pool of food at the base of the cell, breathing through her raised peritreme that extends above the liquid food like a straw [20]. This immobility may be an adaptation to minimize removal by varroa-sensitive worker bees, as prior to and during capping, nurse bees frequently inspect the cell.…”

Section: Reproductive Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

<em>Varroa destructor</em>: A Complex Parasite, Crippling Honeybees Worldwide

Traynor¹,

Mondet²,

Miranda³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, has shaken the beekeeping and pollination industries since its spread from its native host, the Asian honeybee (Apis cerana), to the naïve European honeybee (A. mellifera) used commercially for pollination and honey production around the globe. Varroa is the greatest threat to honeybee health. Worrying observations include increasing acaricide resistance in the varroa population and sinking economic treatment thresholds, suggesting that the mites or their vectored viruses are becoming more virulent. Highly infested weak colonies, popularly dubbed “mite bombs”, facilitate mite dispersal and disease transmission to stronger and healthier colonies. Here, we review recent developments in the biology, pathology and management of varroa, and unearth old knowledge that was lost in the archives.

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Section: Reproductive Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

<em>Varroa destructor</em>: A Complex Parasite, Crippling Honeybees Worldwide

Traynor¹,

Mondet²,

Miranda³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Furthermore, there was evidence that microbe occurrence and multiplication can occur within the regular dorsal dimples (data not shown), possibly connected to the routine but temporary entrapment of the foundress mite (Ifantidis, 1988;Pugh et al, 1992;Martin, 1994;Harbo and Harris, 1999b) dorsally in residual larval food of the honeybee host. Accordingly, it would be useful to survey the type and fate of the contents of regular dorsal dimples of foundress and progeny mites, upon natural departure from brood cells at host eclosion.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular dorsal dimples onVarroa destructor– Damage symptoms or developmental origin?

Davis

2009

Apidologie

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-Adult females (n = 518) of Varroa destructor from Apis mellifera prepupae were examined by scanning electron microscopy without prior fluid fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying. Fifty-five (10.6%) mites had one (8.1%) or two (2.5%) diagonal dimples positioned symmetrically on the idiosoma's dorsum. Where one such regular dorsal dimple existed per mite body, it occurred on the left or right side, equally. Mites with at least one regular dorsal dimple were 3.4% longer, but neither idiosomal width nor elliptical area differed significantly from mites lacking dimples. Dimple length was normally distributed in the population, and averaged 462 ± 9.2 μm (s.e.; n = 68 dimples). Internally, each regular dorsal dimple aligns with a series of obliquely-situated, dorso-ventral muscles in the opisthosoma. It is concluded that regular dorsal dimples are faults originating during mite ontogeny and should be considered separately from damage to Varroa destructor inflicted by honeybees or predatory arthropods.developmental fault / idiosoma / regular dorsal dimple / scanning electron microscopy / Varroa destructor

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“…Varroa also uses a mobile appendage-like structure, called a peritreme, to obtain air from the environment (Liu 1982). Although gas exchange can be adjusted by changing the position of the peritreme (Pugh et al 1992), it is not known whether varroa have the capability to actively ßush air out of their tracheal system to expel high levels of CO 2 like honey bees. The potential inability of varroa to actively regulate CO 2 levels within their own microenvironment may put them at risk to possible acute effects of CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Study on the Effects of Temperature and Three Ventilation Rates on Infestations of Varroa destructor in Clusters of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

Kozak¹,

Currie²

2011

jnl. econ. entom.

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In this study, reduced levels of ventilation were applied to small clusters of bees under controlled conditions to determine whether lowered ventilation rates and the resulting increased levels of CO2 could increase the mortality rates of varroa. Two experiments were performed at two different temperatures (10 degrees C and 25 degrees C). Both experiments compared varroa mortality among high (360 liters/h), medium (42.5 liters/h), and low (14 liters/h) rates of ventilation. The clusters of bees (approximately 300 worker bees) in bioassay cages with 40 introduced varroa mites were placed into self-contained glass chambers and were randomly assigned to one of the three ventilation treatments within incubators set at either of the two temperatures. Bee and varroa mortality and the levels of CO2 concentration were measured in each of the experimental chambers. In both experiments, CO2 levels within the chamber increased, with a decrease in ventilation with CO2 reaching a maximum of 1.2 +/- 0.45% at 10 degrees C and 2.13 +/- 0.2% at 25 degrees C under low ventilation. At high ventilation rates, CO2 concentration in chamber air was similar at 10 degrees C (1.1 +/- 1.5%) and 25 degrees C (1.9 +/- 1.1%). Both humidity and CO2 concentration were higher at 25 degrees C than at 10 degrees C. Bee mortality was similar within all ventilation rate treatments at either 10 degrees C (11.5 +/- 2.7-19.3 +/- 3.8%) or 25 degrees C (15.2 +/- 1.9-20.7 +/- 3.5%). At 10 degrees C, varroa mortality (percentage dead) was greatest in the high ventilation treatment (12.2 +/- 2.1%), but only slightly higher than under low (3.7 +/- 1.7%) and medium ventilation (4.9 +/- 1.6%). At 25 degrees C, varroa mortality was greatest under low ventilation at 46.12 +/- 7.7% and significantly greater than at either medium (29.7 +/- 7.4%) or low ventilation (9.5 +/- 1.6.1%). This study demonstrates that at 25 degrees C, restricted ventilation, resulting in high levels of CO2 in the surrounding environment of small clusters of honey bees, has the potential to substantially increase varroa mortality.

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The respiratory system of the femaleVarroa jacobsoni (Oudemans): its adaptations to a range of environmental conditions

Cited by 7 publications

References 25 publications

<em>Varroa destructor</em>: A Complex Parasite, Crippling Honeybees Worldwide

<em>Varroa destructor</em>: A Complex Parasite, Crippling Honeybees Worldwide

Regular dorsal dimples onVarroa destructor– Damage symptoms or developmental origin?

Laboratory Study on the Effects of Temperature and Three Ventilation Rates on Infestations of Varroa destructor in Clusters of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

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