“…3C) confirmed that both Ni/Al 2 O 3 -E and Ni/Al 2 O 3 -PM possess peaks of Ni 2+ and satellite, which are located at 854.4 and 860.5-862.5 eV, respectively [27]. Significantly, a peak belonging to NiAl 2 O 4 was also seen in the Ni/Al 2 O 3 -E at 856.1 eV, while Ni/Al 2 O 3 -PM showed a peak at 852.1 eV, which corresponded to Ni 0 [28]. Thus, it could be stated that the introduction of Ni into Al 2 O 3 via the physical mixing method obviously produced Ni 0 and NiO [29], while the electrolysis system clearly formed the NiO and NiAl 2 O 4 spinel.…”