The response of the canine intervertebral disc to immobilization produced by spinal arthrodesis is dependent on constitutional factors

Cole, Tak-Chun; Ghosh, Peter; Hannan, Neil; Taylor, T.K.F.; Bellenger, C. R.

doi:10.1002/jor.1100050305

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…37 From a histologic and biochemical perspective, Cole et al also investigated adjacent discs in dogs and found marked changes in disc metabolism and composition after fusion. 38,39 Similar changes were not observed in a control group, implying that the fusion process was responsible for the alterations.…”

Section: Definitioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Adjacent Segment Disease after Lumbar or Lumbosacral Fusion: Review of the Literature

Park

Garton

Gala

et al. 2004

Spine

1,122

831

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Biomechanical alterations likely play a primary role in causing adjacent segment disease. Radiographically apparent, asymptomatic adjacent segment disease is common but does not correlate with functional outcomes. Potentially modifiable risk factors for the development of adjacent segment disease include fusion without instrumentation, protecting the facet joint of the adjacent segment during placement of pedicle screws,fusion length, and sagittal balance. Surgical management, when indicated, consists of decompression of neural elements and extension of fusion. Outcomes after surgery, however, are modest.

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Section: Definitioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Adjacent Segment Disease after Lumbar or Lumbosacral Fusion: Review of the Literature

Park

Garton

Gala

et al. 2004

Spine

1,122

831

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The role of physical forces in the regulation of disc structure and function has not been clearly defined (6). Moderate exercise has been suggested as a method of improving aerobic metabolism and solute transport in canine discs (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteoglycan synthesis in canine intervertebral discs after long‐distance running training

Puustjärvi

Kiviranta

Helminen

et al. 1993

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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The alterations and distribution of proteoglycan (PG) synthesis in the intervertebral discs of young dogs exercised with long-distance running (40 km/day) were studied with a method based on image analysis of tissue sections. Ten dogs were run on a treadmill daily for 55 weeks, and 10 dogs from the same litters served as controls. The daily running distance gradually was increased to 40 km and was maintained at that level for the final 15 weeks. Midsagittal disc segments C7-T1, T8-9, and L1-2 were labeled with 35SO4, and histological sections of the segments were apposed against autoradiographic film to determine the synthesis of PGs. Next, the same sections were stained with safranin O to estimate possible alterations in PG concentration. The radiographs and stained sections were digitized with a flatbed scanner and measured by image analysis. The lumbar discs of runners displayed a significantly lower rate of 35SO4 incorporation, while a tendency toward enhanced incorporation was seen in the cervical and thoracic discs. Safranin O staining showed a pattern just opposite to 35SO4 incorporation: decreased staining in the cervical and thoracic discs and increased staining in the lumbar discs of the runners. The results demonstrate qualitatively different influences of long-term running training on PG metabolism at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels in young dogs.

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“…Disc narrowing [6] along with alterations in composition [5] in older animals have been reported in axially loaded (compressed) rat discs, and complete immobilization has been associated with disc degeneration in older rats [5,7] and in fused canine spines [17, 18, 19] and in articular cartilage [20]. This suggests that reduced mobility (rather than complete immobilization) may be a factor in disc degeneration in human scoliosis, and may account for why expansion thoracoplasty has been associated with disc degeneration in young patients [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Effects of Angulation, Compression, and Reduced Mobility on Annulus Fibrosis in a Model of Altered Mechanical Environment in Scoliosis

et al. 2013

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Study Design Comparison of disc tissue from rat tails in six groups having different mechanical conditions imposed. Objectives To identify disc annulus changes associated with the supposed altered biomechanical environment in a spine with scoliosis deformity using an immature rat model that produces disc narrowing and wedging. Background Intervertebral discs become wedged and narrowed in a scoliosis curve, probably due in part to altered biomechanical environment. Methods Tail discs of 5-week-old immature Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an altered mechanical environment using an external apparatus applying permutations of loading and deformity for 5 weeks. Four groups of rats (A) 15 degrees Angulation, (B) Angulation with 0.1 MPa Compression, (C) 0.1 MPa Compression, and (R) Reduced mobility, together with a sham and a control group were studied. Disc height changes and matrix composition (water, DNA, GAG and HA content) were measured after 5 weeks, and proline and sulphate incorporation and mRNA expression were measured at 5 days and 5 weeks. Results After 5 weeks, disc space was significantly narrowed relative to internal controls in all four intervention groups. Water content and cellularity (DNA content) were not different at interventional levels relative to internal controls and not different between the concave and convex sides of the angulated discs. There was increased GAG content in compressed tissue (in Groups B and C), as expected, and compression resulted in a decrease in hyaluronic acid size. Slightly increased incorporation of tritiated-proline into the concave side of angulated discs and compressed discs was observed. Asymmetries of gene expression in Groups A and B, and some group-wise differences, did not identify consistent patterns associating the discs’ responses to mechanical alterations. Conclusions Intervertebral discs in this model underwent substantial narrowing after 5 weeks, with minimal alteration in tissue composition and minimal evidence of metabolic changes.

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The response of the canine intervertebral disc to immobilization produced by spinal arthrodesis is dependent on constitutional factors

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Adjacent Segment Disease after Lumbar or Lumbosacral Fusion: Review of the Literature

Adjacent Segment Disease after Lumbar or Lumbosacral Fusion: Review of the Literature

Proteoglycan synthesis in canine intervertebral discs after long‐distance running training

Metabolic Effects of Angulation, Compression, and Reduced Mobility on Annulus Fibrosis in a Model of Altered Mechanical Environment in Scoliosis

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