The Return to Caring Skills: Gender, Class, and Occupational Wages in the US

Pietrykowski, Bruce

doi:10.1080/13545701.2016.1257142

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Green (1998: 19) also finds that wages are lower in occupations where communication skills involving client or customer sales, advising, and caring are important. This result is also consistent with the finding of a wage penalty for occupations requiring caring and social, interactive service labor (England, Budig, and Folbre 2002;England and Folbre 1999;Gatta, Boushey, and Appelbaum 2009;Pietrykowski, forthcoming). The coefficients on female, black, and Hispanic are negative and statistically significant, resulting in a wage penalty of US$1,520, US$4,772, and US$4,098, respectively, in response to a 10 percent increase.…”

Section: Skill-based Estimates Of the Occupational Wagesupporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, there is no wage penalty for highwage occupations in which these skills are an important part of the job. One interpretation for this result is that many frontline interpersonal service occupations in retail sales and customer service, for which social skills are important, are accorded lower social prestige and are therefore devalued (Magnusson 2009;Pietrykowski, forthcoming). The social devaluation of these skills conveys a wage penalty to workers performing interactive service work.…”

Section: Quantile Regression Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Revaluing Low-Wage Work

Pietrykowski

2016

Review of Radical Political Economics

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Labor and community activists have organized around raising wages for low-wage workers, notably through the “Fight for 15” campaign among fast food workers. This study uses skills data together with manager survey data to estimate occupational wages. Quantile regression was used to estimate a skills-based wage. The analysis provides empirical support for a US$15 an hour minimum wage. The results indicate that low-wage workers possess skills that are undervalued in the labor market.

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Section: Skill-based Estimates Of the Occupational Wagesupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Quantile Regression Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revaluing Low-Wage Work

Pietrykowski

2016

Review of Radical Political Economics

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“…Moreover, given the perception of a shorter workday and summers off, caring for family was thought to be more manageable for teachers than for those in many other jobs and careers. Given the continuing disproportionate responsibility on the part of women for the domestic labor and childrearing in families [50,65], this perceived workday structure may still be disproportionately attracting women to teaching and hence a factor in the increase in the female-to-male ratio. But it is also important to recognize that teaching may not be as amenable to family life as this perception and stereotype holds, given the SASS/NTPS data documenting that teachers in the U.S. typically work more than a 40 hour week and many seek additional employment during the school year and in the summer.…”

Section: Trend 4: More Femalementioning

confidence: 99%

The Demographic Transformation of the Teaching Force in the United States

et al. 2021

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This article summarizes the results of an exploratory research project that investigated what demographic trends and changes have, or have not, occurred in the elementary and secondary teaching force in the U.S. over the past three decades, from 1987 to 2018. Our main data source was the Schools and Staffing Survey and its successor, the National Teacher Principal Survey, collectively the largest and most comprehensive source of data on teachers available in the U.S. These surveys are conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), the statistical arm of the U.S. Department of Education. The results show that the teaching force has been, and is, greatly changing; yet, even the most dramatic trends appear to have been little noticed or understood by researchers, policy makers, and the public. This article summarizes seven of the most prominent trends and changes that we found. The U.S. teaching force is: larger; older; less experienced; more female; more diverse, by race/ethnicity; consistent in academic ability; unstable. For each of the trends, we explore two broad questions: 1. What are the reasons for and sources of the trend? 2. What are the implications and consequences of the trend?

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“…In paid employment, as in unpaid work, women provide a disproportionate share of services that develop or maintain human capabilities, and this work often seems devalued. Research using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data, defining "care jobs" in a variety of slightly different ways, and controlling for a long list of plausible covariates yields consistent findings of pay penalties (England, Budig, and Folbre 2002;Barron and West 2013;Hirsch and Manzella 2015;Pietrykowski 2017;Budig, Hodges, and England 2019;Folbre and Smith 2020).…”

Section: The Care Penaltymentioning

confidence: 93%

Essential Workers and Care Penalties in the United States

2020

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The new category of workers officially labeled "essential" in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States includes a large percentage of women working in care services. In many of these services, health risks are often considered part of the job and are uncompensated by hazard pay. Building on previous feminist research explaining the devaluation of care work, this paper uses the most recent available data from the US Current Population Survey to show that workers in essential care service jobs-especially women-earn less than other essential workers. This pattern cannot be explained by differences in unionization rates and points to other differences in bargaining power, including institutional factors influencing the earnings of doctors and nurses. Care penalties have significant implications for the future supply of care services as the pandemic persists, highlighting the need to develop broad coalitions to challenge the undervaluation of care work.

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The Return to Caring Skills: Gender, Class, and Occupational Wages in the US

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

Revaluing Low-Wage Work

Revaluing Low-Wage Work

The Demographic Transformation of the Teaching Force in the United States

Essential Workers and Care Penalties in the United States

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