The review of the light parameters and mechanisms of Photobiomodulation on melanoma cells

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM) uses low‐intensity visible or near‐infrared light to produce beneficial effects on cells or tissues, such as brain therapy, wound healing. Still there is no consistent recommendation on the parameters (dose, light mode, wavelength, irradiance) and protocols (repetition, treatment duration) for its clinical application. Herein, we summarize the current PBM parameters for the treatment of melanoma, and we also discuss the potential photoreceptors and downstream signaling mechanisms in the PBM treatment of melanoma cells. It is hypothesized that PBM may inhibit the melanoma cells by activating mitochondria, OPNs, and other receptors. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, PBM has been shown to be beneficial in treating melanoma. Through further in‐depth studies of the underlying potential mechanisms, it can strengthen the applications of PBM for the therapy of melanoma.

Therapeutic Potential of Photobiomodulation for Chronic Kidney Disease

“…The parameters of PBM that influence PBM’s effectiveness on the target cells and tissues include the light source, wavelength, power output, energy density, duration of irradiation, number of treatments, and the mode of light delivery (continuous or pulsed). For example, different wavelengths of light have different degrees of absorption, scattering coefficient, and reflection in the human body [ 72 , 73 ]. Near-infrared wavelengths have lower scattering factors and much higher penetration into tissues [ 74 , 75 ].…”

Progress of phototherapy for osteosarcoma and application prospect of blue light photobiomodulation therapy

“…Oh et al (2015) observed that blue light can further induce cell apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of melanoma B16-F10 cells by activating the mitochondria (10). Chen et al (2022) summarized the effect of different light parameters on the growth of melanoma and its molecular mechanism; they believed that the inhibitory effect of PBMT is related to the influence of OPN photoacceptors and the activation of mitochondria and some signaling pathways (11). A similar result was evaluated by Shakibaiea et al (2020), using breast cancer cells (MCF-7) with inhibition of cell proliferation and metabolic activation by 435-nm LED irradiation (91).…”

“…At present, PBM has been widely used to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and promote wound healing ( 48 ). Meanwhile, PBM is also applicated in tumor treatment such as melanoma due to its non-invasive advantages, also named PBMT ( 10 , 11 ). Accordingly, research of the novel therapies such as PDT, PTT, and PBMT for tumor treatment is extremely important.…”

“…Chen et al. (2021) summarized the research status of light therapy for melanoma in the past 20 years and also found that blue light can effectively inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells ( 11 ). Besides, the growth of malignant glioma ( 12 ), mouse B-cell lymphoma ( 13 ), colon cancer ( 14 ), and pancreatic cancer ( 15 ) can be effectively inhibited by blue light in animal experiments.…”

“…On the other hand, pulse mode LED light can make up for the defect of low tissue penetration of continuous wave light due to high peak irradiance ( 16 , 17 ). At the same time, adjusting the pulse mode can effectively ensure the stability of temperature, so as to achieve the inhibitory effect of high light intensity on superficial epidermal tumors such as skin tumors ( 11 ). Although some studies have shown that phototherapy can effectively inhibit tumor proliferation in vivo and in vitro , numerous studies have not carried out long-term safety testing, so the safer spectral application mode and subsequent safety testing related research need to be further explored.…”