The revised <scp>EEMCO</scp> guidance for the in vivo measurement of water in the skin

Berardesca, Enzo; Lodén, Marie; Serup, Jørgen; Masson, Philippe; Rodrigues, Luís Monteiro

doi:10.1111/srt.12599

Cited by 123 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A compromised skin barrier implicates increased TEWL, why this would be expected if tattoos caused permanent barrier damage to the stratum corneum, as observed, for example, in patients with atopic dermatitis and dry skin . In contrast, if tattoos induce thickening of the stratum corneum, decreased TEWL would be expected, as TEWL depends on the stratum corneum thickness . The thickness of stratum corneum in tattooed skin is not thoroughly investigated; however, a long‐term normal ultrastructure of the skin has been documented .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Future studies on stratum corneum thickness in tattoos would be interesting. Though TEWL is insufficient to quantify the intrinsic skin barrier function alone, it is a standardized and recognized direct, noninvasive overall measurement in the evaluation of the skin barrier function . The validity of TEWL measurements is highly dependent on standardized conditions, including room temperature, relative humidity, and particularly the anatomical site being measured .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…25,26 In contrast, if tattoos induce thickening of the stratum corneum, decreased TEWL would be expected, as TEWL depends on the stratum corneum thickness. 27 The thickness of stratum corneum in tattooed skin is not thoroughly investigated; however, a long-term normal ultrastructure of the skin has been documented. 28 Future studies on stratum corneum thickness in tattoos would be interesting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tattoos and skin barrier function: Measurements of TEWL, stratum corneum conductance and capacitance, pH, and filaggrin

Nørreslet

Serup

Kežić

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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Background Initially after tattooing, the skin barrier function is broken. However, the long‐term impact of clinically healed tattoos on this has never been studied. The aim was to investigate the long‐term effect on the skin barrier function in normal tattoos and examples of tattoos with chronic inflammatory complication. Methods Participants were recruited from the “Tattoo clinic” of the Dermatological Department on Bispebjerg Hospital in Denmark, where patients with complicated tattoo reactions are treated. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), conductance, capacitance, and pH were measured in tattooed skin with regional control measurements in normal non‐tattooed skin. Natural moisturizing factor (NMF) was measured in collected tape strips. Results Twenty six individuals with 28 tattoos were included, that is, 23 normal tattoos without any pathologic reaction and 5 tattoos with chronic inflammatory complications. No significant differences were found in tattooed versus non‐tattooed skin with respect to TEWL (median values 6.6 vs 7.2 g/m2/h), conductance (76 vs 78 a.u.), pH (5.94 vs 5.79), and NMF (0.58 vs 0.59 mmol/g protein). Capacitance (64 vs 57 a.u.) was higher in tattooed skin compared to non‐tattooed skin (P = 0.006). Similar results were found in tattoos with inflammatory reactions. Conclusion Overall, skin tattoos do not affect the long‐term skin barrier function markedly. The skin capacitance was, however, affected in tattooed skin areas compared to non‐tattooed skin areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tattoos and skin barrier function: Measurements of TEWL, stratum corneum conductance and capacitance, pH, and filaggrin

Nørreslet

Serup

Kežić

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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“…Due to the multiple sensors, skin surface hydration can be mapped, taking skin relief and variable distribution of sweat glands into account (Figure E,F). This allows measurement of more average values and exclusion of regions with poor physical contact between sensor and skin . Moreover, the Epsilon is the only corneometer with a linearized and calibrated response, allowing consistent quantitative image evaluation .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows measurement of more average values and exclusion of regions with poor physical contact between sensor and skin. 10 Moreover, the Epsilon is the only corneometer with a linearized and calibrated response, allowing consistent quantitative image evaluation. 9 In this study, the standardized Burst mode option was used with a 5 seconds delay after first skin contact (to rule out initial variations in occlusion), a frame interval of 1-second, and a total measurement frame of 30 seconds.…”

Section: Technical Device Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomical site variation of water content in human skin measured by the Epsilon: A pilot study

Logger

Münchhoff

Olydam

et al. 2019

Skin Research and Technology

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BackgroundThis pilot study aimed to investigate the anatomical site variation of water content of the stratum corneum (SC) on the body by measuring skin capacitance with the Epsilon, a new generation corneometer with multiple sensors. Secondly, values of the Epsilon were compared to values measured by conventional single sensor corneometers.MethodsThe hydration status of SC was measured in 15 healthy Caucasian volunteers with the Epsilon at five body sites (cheek, lower forearm, mid‐calf, lower back and abdomen). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured with the Aquaflux to get more insight into the condition of the skin barrier. A literature search was performed to compare Epsilon values with conventional corneometers.ResultsThe tested anatomical locations showed significant differences in water content (P < 0.001) with large interindividual variations; highest values were found in the cheek (11.64ε) and lowest values in the mid‐calf (4.43ε). No correlation between water content and TEWL was found. In general, Epsilon values were lower compared to values of conventional corneometers, with a similar trend.ConclusionThis pilot study showed significant variations in water content at different skin locations measured by the Epsilon. Moreover, the Epsilon measured consistent lower values compared to single sensor corneometers. Further validation of the device is recommended.

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Skin Impedance Measurements with Nanomesh Electrodes for Monitoring Skin Hydration

Matsukawa

Miyamoto

Yokota

2020

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The importance of continuous monitoring of skin hydration in daily life, to aid in the diagnosis of skin diseases, is rising. Electrodes that can be worn directly on the skin are attracting attention as an effective means. However, they should not inhibit natural water evaporation from the skin and should not cause inflammation or irritation even if they are attached to the body for long periods of time. In this study, nanomesh electrodes that have previously been reported to exhibit high biocompatibility are also found to exhibit high water vapor permeability, resulting in properties that prevent skin dampness. Furthermore, the skin impedance measured using nanomesh electrodes is found to correlate with the hydration level of skin measured using existing medical equipment. This study provides a new approach to measure skin hydration in conditions close to bare skin. Skin is the outermost organ of the body and acts as a barrier separating the inside of the body from the outside world. Skin is essential to prevent the entry of pathogens and contaminants from the outside environment into the body, as well as to prevent excessive evaporation of water from the body. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, serves as a barrier that inhibits water evaporation from the skin called trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). [1] When the stratum corneum is damaged, the water in skin evaporates more easily to the outside world, making the skin prone to dryness. [2] Therefore, it is important to measure the skin hydration levels to assess the barrier function of the stratum corneum. The evaluation of the stratum corneum's barrier function has attracted significant attention from the cosmetic and medical fields as it is useful for understanding the characteristics of an individual's skin and diagnosing skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, [3] ichthyosis vulgaris, [4] and psoriasis. [5] Skin hydration levels are commonly measured indirectly by measuring the skin's electrical properties, such as the skin impedance and skin capacitance. This is because the higher the hydration level of the skin, the higher the conductivity and dielectric constant. [6,7] In the medical community, the electrical properties of the skin are measured using probes with rigid electrodes

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The revised EEMCO guidance for the in vivo measurement of water in the skin

Cited by 123 publications

References 28 publications

Tattoos and skin barrier function: Measurements of TEWL, stratum corneum conductance and capacitance, pH, and filaggrin

Tattoos and skin barrier function: Measurements of TEWL, stratum corneum conductance and capacitance, pH, and filaggrin

Anatomical site variation of water content in human skin measured by the Epsilon: A pilot study

Skin Impedance Measurements with Nanomesh Electrodes for Monitoring Skin Hydration

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