The Rhyacophila fasciata Group in Western Europe: Confirmation of Rhyacophila denticulata McLachlan 1879 (stat. prom.) and Rhyacophila sociata Navás 1916 (stat. res.), based on morphological and molecular genetic evidence (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae)

Abstract

In order to check the presence and distribution of Rhyacophila fasciata fasciata Hagen 1859 (species described from Austria) and R. fasciata denticulata McLachlan 1879 in the Iberian Peninsula, we studied the morphology of Spanish, French, and Austrian specimens, together with their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (mtCOI). We observed that the individuals considered to date as R. fasciata denticulata are in fact two different species: R. denticulata, presently known from France and possibly in some rivers of the Basque Country (Spain), and R. sociata Navás 1916 distributed in Spain and France. These two species are also different from the reference species (R. fasciata) from Austria, so we propose a change in the taxonomic status of R. fasciata denticulata to R. denticulata (stat. prom.) and the restoration of R. sociata (stat. res.), with the designation of a neotype, due to the loss of the holotype.

The Rhyacophila fasciata Group in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rhyacophila f. fasciata Hagen 1859 and the description of two new subspecies, Rhyacophila fasciata delici Kučinić & Valladolid (ssp. nov.) from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Rhyacophila fasciata viteceki Valladolid & Kučinić (ssp. nov.) from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae)

“…In this study, the differences observed at genetical and morphological levels between specimens corroborate the hypothesis that in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina there are at least three different subspecies: R. f. fasciata is found in northern Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and is genetically close and morphologically similar to specimens of other European countries, R. fasciata delici is a new subspecies present in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina and R. fasciata viteceki, is a new subspecies found in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Morphological and genetic results highlight the new subspecies status: The intraspecific distances were always lower than 1% divergence, and interspecific distances were usually higher than 4.35% (Table 2), in a similar way that we found in specimens of R. denticulata and R. sociata (Valladolid et al 2018), and R. kykladica (Valladolid et al 2019). Other authors that have analysed the divergence of mtCOI sequences between different species of several taxonomic groups found that more than 98% of the species pairs show divergences greater than 2% (e.g., Hebert et al 2003b), and that the intraspecific divergences usually are less than 1% (Avise 2000).…”

“…In addition, this taxa set was complemented by R. fasciata mysica Malicky & Sipahiler 1993 in western Turkey, R. fasciata kykladica Malicky & Sipahiler 1993 in Greece, and R. fasciata libanica Malicky & Sipahiler 1993 in Lebanon (see also Malicky 2004 for the distributions of these subspecies). In 2018 Sipahiler described a new subspecies of this group from Turkey, Rhyacophila fasciata ilgazica Sipahiler 2018. In recent studies of two subspecies of the Rhyacophila fasciata Group, Rhyacophila fasciata denticulata (Valladolid et al 2018), and R. fasciata kykladica (Valladolid et al 2019) we have proposed their promotion to species rank as R. denticulata and R. kykladica, respectively, and the resurrection of a third species, R. sociata Navás 1916 (Valladolid et al 2018), previously synonymized with R. fasciata denticulata by Schmid (1970).…”

Springs: DNA barcoding of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) in Croatia with notes on taxonomy and conservation biology

“…10). Integrative taxonomy represents the basic framework of today's studies of taxonomic features of certain species and groups of organisms (Bilandžija et al, 2013, Previšić et al, 2014Valladolid et al, 2018Valladolid et al, , 2019Vitecek et al, 2017;Yánez-Muñoz et al, 2018).…”

“…Regarding Trichoptera, DNA barcoding has been used in numerous studies in different regions (for example Geraci et al 2011;Hjalmarsson et al, 2018;Morinière et al, 2017;Pauls et al 2010;Valladolid et al, 2018Valladolid et al, , 2019Zhou et al, 2016) and that approach has been also applied in Croatia (for example Ćukušić, 2019;Ćukušić et al, 2017;Kučinić et al, 2013Kučinić et al, , 2019aKučinić et al, , 2019bSzivák et al, 2017).…”

The Rhyacophila fasciata Group in Europe: Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859 and formerly synonymized species (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae), with new description of Rhyacophila fasciata and Rhyacophila septentrionis McLachlan 1865 (stat. prom.).

“…In the description of R. fasciata he included the original specimen from Elberfeld, his specimens from Carinthia, saying that they should be referred to septentrionis, and 7 ♂ and 1 ♀ from the Pyrenees (France), writing "it may be that these should form a distinct species". These specimens from the Pyrenees were described in 1916 by Navás as Rhyacophila sociata (Valladolid et al 2018). On the other hand, in the description of R. septentrionis McLachlan included his specimens from Scotland, as well as others from different countries of North and Central Europe.…”