The rise and fall of levonorgestrel implants: 1992–1996

Berenson, Abbey B.; Wiemann, Constance M.; McCombs, Sharon L.; Somma-Garcia, Ana

doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(98)00311-1

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Norplant was approved for the U.S. in 1990, and its use increased until the mid-1990s when the prevalence began to drop as the media focused on its side effects (30). As of August 2000, Norplant System kits for insertion were no longer available in the U.S. (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Injectable or Implantable Progestin-Only Contraceptives on Insulin-Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Risk

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Progestin-only contraceptives administered by injection (Depo-Provera) or subcutaneous implant (Norplant) have been available to U.S. women for about a decade. Two epidemiological studies found their use associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. In reviewing publications relating progestin injections and implants to glucose metabolism, 25 studies of various study designs and laboratory methods were identified that reported at least one insulin value in nondiabetic women. Research subjects were usually nonobese and often from developing countries. Of eight studies that performed sequential oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) after at least 6 months of Depo-Provera or Norplant use, seven found significant elevations (approximate doubling) of insulin at 2 or 3 h after glucose challenge; the effects on fasting, half-hour, or 1-h postchallenge insulin values were less consistent. The three studies that performed sequential intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) on injection users all found an increased early-phase insulin response. One study used sequential hyperglycemichyperinsulinemic clamps to demonstrate reduced total-body glucose uptake per unit of insulin after 8 weeks of Norplant use. The metabolic studies generally did not show a reduction in the glucose tolerance of their nondiabetic subjects. However, compared with the lean and low-risk women who were usually selected for metabolic research, many U.S. women receiving these injections or implants may start out with increased insulin resistance due to greater weight, sedentary lifestyle, and family or childbearing histories. Additional research could help clarify whether exposure to injectable or implantable contraceptives leads to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes in women with predisposing factors. Diabetes Care 26:216 -225, 2003I n the early 1990s two new modes of progestin-only hormonal contraception became available to women living in the U.S. The following decade has been notable for the emergence of type 2 diabetes among adolescent girls (more than boys) (1) and a rising prevalence of gestational diabetes (2). The temporal overlap of a diabetes increase among young women and availability of new contraceptive methods has stimulated us to review the published literature on insulinglucose metabolism in the presence of these hormonal agents.One new contraceptive mode was a depot injection containing 150 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA, "Depo-Provera"). Administered by the intramuscular route, it delivers medroxyprogesterone at a plasma concentration of ϳ1 ng/ml (3). The DMPA injection must be repeated every 3 months for continuing contraceptive benefit. The other new mode was a system of six Silastic capsules, each containing 36 mg of the progestin levonorgestrel (LNG), designed for longterm subcutaneous insertion in the upper arm (LNG implant, "Norplant"). This implant system delivers LNG initially at ϳ85 g/day, declining gradually to ϳ30 g/ day (4). Serum concentrations of LNG decrease from ϳ0.35 ng/ml a...

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Injectable or Implantable Progestin-Only Contraceptives on Insulin-Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Risk

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The proportion of women who would consider using the implant dropped from more than half (59 percent of women with no children, 64 percent of women with children) in 1992 to less than a third (32 percent and 18 percent, respectively) three years later. The investigators blamed pervasive negative publicity in the media for turning women away from Norplant (Berenson et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Construction of a Contraceptive Technology: An Investigation of the Meanings of Norplant

Watkins

2010

Science, Technology, & Human Values

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This essay looks at Norplant qua technology and uses analytic frameworks from the social construction of technology to explain the trajectory of its brief history. The author contend that there were multiple uses of Norplant, in terms of rhetorical strategies, symbolic representations, and contraceptive intentions, constructed by reproductive scientists, population control advocates, pharmaceutical manufacturers, doctors, birth control clinic staffers, government regulators, legislators, judges, women's health activists, potential users, and actual users. However, while relevant social groups shaped the discourse surrounding Norplant in the 1990s, its ultimate fate was determined by choices made by potential users. At the ''consumption junction'' of the late twentieth-century contraceptive marketplace, American women ignored the meanings constructed for Norplant by

show abstract

Postpartum Care

Katz¹

2007

Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The rise and fall of levonorgestrel implants: 1992–1996

Abstract: This study documents the decline in popular perceptions of levonorgestrel implants among low-income English-speaking women over the 4-year period following the introduction of this contraceptive method to the US market.

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of Injectable or Implantable Progestin-Only Contraceptives on Insulin-Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Risk

Effects of Injectable or Implantable Progestin-Only Contraceptives on Insulin-Glucose Metabolism and Diabetes Risk

The Social Construction of a Contraceptive Technology: An Investigation of the Meanings of Norplant

Postpartum Care

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About