The Rise and Fall of Plains Indian Horse Cultures

Politics, Policy, Settlers, and Consequences for Canadian Prairie Grasslands: A Range Management Perspective

“…The heavy reliance on the bison by the aboriginal peoples of the prairies was well known by the nonaboriginal peoples, and hunting of buffalo to deny the food and economic benefi ts of the herds to the aboriginal communities was deliberately undertaken by the encroaching Europeans. 10,11 In the American plains the army even supplied white hunters to facilitate the extermination of bison to assist in efforts to force native peoples onto reservations. 10,11 The combined effects of drought and the excessive bison harvests by these buffalo hunters decimated the bison herds nearly to extinction.…”

“…10,11 In the American plains the army even supplied white hunters to facilitate the extermination of bison to assist in efforts to force native peoples onto reservations. 10,11 The combined effects of drought and the excessive bison harvests by these buffalo hunters decimated the bison herds nearly to extinction.…”

“…9 Bison were a principle food source and a vital aspect of the economy of the native peoples of the prairies. 10,11 Each aboriginal community interacted with its neighbors through trading, diplomacy, and warfare. 12 Changing circumstances affected the First Nations.…”

Historical Archaeologies of the American West

“…Introduction [We] trap out the beaver, subtract the Mandan, infect the Blackfeet and the Hidatsa and the Assiniboin, overdose the Arikara; call the land a desert and hurry across it to get to California and Oregon; suck up the buffalo…kill off the nations of elk and wolves and cranes and prairie chickens and prairie dogs; dig up the gold and rebury it in vaults somewhere else…kill Crazy Horse, kill Sitting Bull; harvest wave after wave of immigrants' dreams and send the The 1960s cultural milieu spawned the New Western History, and the difference between traditional and New Western History (e.g., Brooks 2002;Brugge 1985;Clayton et al 2001;Gutiérrez 1991;Hall 1989;Hämäläinen 2003Hämäläinen , 2008Hurtado 1996;James and Raymond 1998;Johnson 2000;Limerick 1987;Murphy 1997;Robbins 1991, p. 186;Rohe 1982Rohe , 1996Van Kirk 1984;West 1998;White 1991a, b;Worster 1994;Wrobel and Steiner 1997;Zappia 2012) can best be summarized as the ''West of mountain men, cowboys, Indians, gunfighters, prospectors, and outlaws'' versus the new, ''counterclassic history of wage earners, women, minorities, urbanization, industrialization,'' and colonialism (Hardesty 1991a, p. 4; see also Silliman 2005).…”

The Anthropometric History of Native Americans, C.1820–1890

“…The unique slightly concave trend in both the scout and Boas samples implies With respect to anthropometric history, the most studied group of nineteenthcentury American Indians are the Plains Indians (Prince, 1995). Steckel (2010) and Hämäläinen (2003) show that while plains tribes adapted many similar cultural elements, some tribes were more successful than others. According to Hämäläinen (2003: 430), "Horses did bring new possibilities, prosperity, and power to Plains Indians, but they also brought destabilization, dispossession, and destruction.…”