The Rise of China in Central Asia: The New Silk Road Diplomacy

Pradhan, Ramakrushna

doi:10.1007/s40647-017-0210-y

Cited by 31 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Of this amount, the total for oil was 25.2 billion barrels, 65 percent of which belonged to Kazakhstan (16.43 billion) and the rest to Azerbaijan (6.5 billion), Turkmenistan (0.91 billion), and Uzbekistan (1.34 billion) (Dekmejian and Simonain 2001: 30). Two further studies published in April 1998 by Rice University's Baker Institute and the International Institute of Strategic Studies of London (Pradhan 2018) confirmed Wood Mackenzie's figures. Even with this energy potential, Caspian seems important for energy-consuming countries.…”

Section: The Caspian Sea Regionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Energy Geopolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: India’s Interests and Policy Options

Pradhan

2020

Jadavpur Journal of International Relations

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The global energy scenario is undergoing a tectonic shift in recent times. While energy security has been emerging as one of the cornerstones of the foreign policy of major countries, a new geological survey has the promise of new discoveries and reserves untapped. One such epic new frontier of the world geological survey has been the post-Soviet Central Asia consisting of five “Stans” of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan, along with the Caspian Sea region. Sitting on huge untapped hydrocarbon potentials, the Central Asian geographical entity in recent years has offered enormous opportunity and appeal for countries adjacent to the region and far beyond. That is perhaps the reason that even after the disintegration of the USSR, the geopolitical importance of Central Asia has never waned down, instead it emerged as a grand chessboard for regional and extra-regional players for the immense opportunities it offered for the energy-crunch countries as potentially new and non-OPEC source of oil and natural gas. In the quest for energy security and diversity of supply sources by energy consumers, the heartland has witnessed a new great game in the scramble for resources. This accentuated struggle for oil and energy in the region has further led to aggressive foreign policy formulations and strategic calculation by countries such as the United States, China, the European Union, Japan, Israel, Iran, Pakistan, and India, to which many now call “the New Great Game” for not just controlling but administering energy resources of the region. The bottom line of the New Great Game, unlike the previous version, is essentially played out around petropolitics and pipeline diplomacy. To support the scramble for energy in Central Asia and the aggressive petropolitics and pipeline diplomacy by major powers, the study adopts the peak oil theory of Club of Rome thesis to understand the global tectonic shift of energy frontiers. Further, this article attempts to examine the position of India in Central Asia and its policy initiatives in the epic quest for oil and energy in the traditional bastion of Russia and the new grand chessboard of China and the United States.

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Section: The Caspian Sea Regionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Energy Geopolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: India’s Interests and Policy Options

Pradhan

2020

Jadavpur Journal of International Relations

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“…In 2014, bilateral local currency swap agreements of RMB 150 billion and RMB 7 billion were renewed between China and Russia and China and Kazakhstan respectively. In 2015, the Governor of the Central Bank of China and Russia signed the Russian Federation, and in 2016, the two sides signed a memorandum of cooperation on the establishment of RMB clearing arrangements in Russia, which greatly promoted the use of RMB for cross-border transactions by enterprises and financial institutions of both countries, as well as bilateral trade and investment facilitation [12]. In 2019, the central banks of China and Russia signed a transition to a government-to-government agreement on local currency settlement, which will increase the proportion of local currency settlement in bilateral trade from the current 10% to 50%.…”

Section: International Financementioning

confidence: 99%

“…annual average of US$ 17 billion was provided 11 . In terms of Kazakhstan's debt to China, total debt as at 1 October 2020 totaled US$ 10.31 billion, of which US$ 1.23 billion was to banks and US$ 5.85 billion to other sector enterprises, with a further US$ 3.22 billion in intercompany debt 12 . The balance of loans provided by China Exim Bank to Tajikistan as at year-end 2018 was US$ 1.2 billion, representing 64% of Tajikistan's total external bilateral borrowings 13…”

Section: Memorandum Of Understanding On Cooperation Between the People's Bank Of China And The Central Bank Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Results of the 20-Year Economic Cooperation of the shanghai Cooperation Organization and its Development Prospects

Wang

2021

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is generally considered a security organization. But many of its member countries are in favor of strengthening cooperation in the economic field, and a whole series of decisions on economic cooperation was adopted on their proposal. The purpose of the article is to summarize the results, positive experiences and negative lessons of economic cooperation over the past 20 years in the field of trade, investment and finance within the framework of the SCO and to look into the future. In this direction of research based on the dialectic of materialism, the article uses positive and normative economic analysis, the paradigm of institutionalism, statistical and other methods. Asserting that economic cooperation for the sake of common prosperity and the building of a "Community of Economic Interests" is an essential component of the "Community of the Common Destiny of Mankind", and that the SCO is an essential platform for the joint coordination and promotion of the concept of "One Belt and One Road" and the common distribution of their fruits, and for the promotion of mutually beneficial economic cooperation. The article concludes that, on this platform, the Chinese and Russian initiatives "One Belt and One Road" and "Greater Eurasian Partnership" work closely together to develop infrastructure interconnections, trade facilitation and regional economic integration, resulting in the formation of the Eurasian Economic Partnership for the sake of common prosperity in the SCO region. The article also shows the challenges and difficulties that the SCO faces in its development.

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“…"China-Pakistan Economic Corridor" (CPEC) 6. "Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor" (BCIMEC) (CCTV, 2017;Dunford and Liu, 2019;Hussain, 2017;Iqbal et al, 2019;Jeganaathan, 2017;Menhas et al, 2019;Pradhan, 2018) E.Cooperation Mechanisms 1. "Shanghai Cooperation Organization" (SCO) 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the Building Blocks and the Priority Areas for Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative

2021

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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a China’s endeavour to globally connect the countries along two major routes. This paper examines the keywords defining the building blocks and priority areas under the BRI and their relationship in order to foster a practical understanding of the BRI for enhancing regional cooperation and connectivity along the routes. The methodology employed was a systematic literature review involving four stages. Firstly, a broad search in the Scopus database (2016-2020) using BRI or similar terms returned n=1,710 articles which were further limited using the keywords: building blocks, priority areas, policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people exchange. Other keywords considered were community and Silk Road. The articles were then screened and assessed resulting in 155 articles reviewed in this study. The review reveals that while the building blocks are the aim motivating the BRI, hence the spirit behind it, the five priority areas provide practical methods through which China and other countries along the Belt and Road routes will focus their collective development. The relationship between the two aspects owes to the fact that people are involved at all spheres of the initiative bringing about emphasis on the people-to-people exchange which is a core part of social dimension in sustainable development. In contribution, this paper presents a unique perspective for looking at the BRI for a focused discussion of its cooperative framework which could serve as a foundation for further research in various sectors

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The Rise of China in Central Asia: The New Silk Road Diplomacy

Cited by 31 publications

References 6 publications

Energy Geopolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: India’s Interests and Policy Options

Energy Geopolitics and Pipeline Diplomacy in Central Asia: India’s Interests and Policy Options

The Results of the 20-Year Economic Cooperation of the shanghai Cooperation Organization and its Development Prospects

Defining the Building Blocks and the Priority Areas for Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative

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