The Rising Burden of Salmonellosis Caused by Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) in Greece and New Food Vehicles

Non-typhoidal Salmonella remains a leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with food animal products serving as a key conduit for transmission. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an additional public health concern warranting better understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, 958 retail meat samples collected from January to December 2018 in California were tested for Salmonella. From multivariable logistic regression, there was a 6.47 (90% CI 2.29–18.27), 3.81 (90% CI 1.29–11.27), and 3.12 (90% CI 1.03–9.45) higher odds of contamination in samples purchased in the fall, spring, and summer than in winter months, respectively, and a 3.70 (90% CI 1.05–13.07) higher odds in ground turkey compared to pork samples. Fourteen distinct serotypes and 17 multilocus sequence types were identified among the 43 isolates recovered, with S. Kentucky (25.58%), S. Reading (18.60%), S. Infantis (11.63%), and S. Typhimurium (9.30%) comprising the top serotypes. High prevalence of resistance was observed in retail chicken isolates for streptomycin (12/23, 52.17%) and tetracycline (12/23, 52.17%), in ground turkey isolates for ampicillin (8/15, 53.34%), and in ground beef isolates for nalidixic acid (2/3, 66.67%). Fourteen (32.56%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, 11 (25.58%) were resistant to one drug, and 12 (27.91%) were resistant to two drugs. The remaining six isolates (13.95%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR, ≥3 drug classes) S. Infantis (n = 4), S. Reading (n = 1), and S. Kentucky (n = 1). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) identified 16 AMR genes and 17 plasmid replicons, including blaCTX–M–65 encoding ceftriaxone resistance and a D87Y mutation in gyrA conferring resistance to nalidixic acid and reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. The IncFIB(pN55391) replicon previously identified in connection to the worldwide dissemination of pESI-like mega plasmid carriage in an emerged S. Infantis clone was detected in four of the six MDR isolates. Genotypes from WGS showed high concordance with phenotype with overall sensitivity and specificity of 95.31% and 100%, respectively. This study provides insight into the AMR profiles of a diversity of Salmonella serotypes isolated from retail meat products in California and highlights the value of routine retail food surveillance for the detection and characterization of AMR in foodborne pathogens.

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“…Typhimurium variant S . 1,4,[5],12:i:- ( Yang et al, 2015 ; Antunes et al, 2016 ; Jajere, 2019 ; Mandilara et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Non-typhoidal Salmonella From Retail Meat Products in California, 2018

et al. 2022

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“…The predominance of S. Typhimurium and mST reported among porcine Salmonella isolates here is similar to that reported in the EU baseline survey and other surveys in Ireland and elsewhere. However, while the predominance of S. Typhimurium and mST, collectively, has continued it is noteworthy that the relative proportion of isolates that are mST (n = 102) relative to S. Typhimurium (n = 50) has increased in recent years and mST is now widely seen across Europe as the more prevalent serotype in pigs and pigmeat [28][29][30][31]. Overall, the prevalence of mST relative to samples positive was 43.4% in this present study compared to 21.3% for S. Typhimurium which is very similar to that (39%) reported by Mueller-Doblies et al [28] during 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Irish abattoirs and their antimicrobial resistance

Deane¹,

Murphy²,

Leonard

et al. 2022

Ir Vet J

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Background Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen and is one of the main causes of foodborne outbreaks and infections in the European Union. Pigs are a significant reservoir and are frequently subclinical carriers of this organism. Salmonella can be shed in the faeces allowing infection to spread to other pigs, the environment, transport vehicles, lairages and other areas. Inadvertent spillage of gut contents during the slaughter process also leads to contamination. A pig Salmonella control programme has operated in Ireland since 2002 but many local surveys and an EUMS baseline survey in 2008 continued to indicate high levels of the organism in the pig sector. The objectives of this study were to generate updated information on the prevalence of Salmonella spp, in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Irish abattoirs. Five pigs from each of 164 herds were randomly sampled over a 14-week period during 2016. One sample from each of the five pigs of; caecal content, ileo-caecal lymph nodes and carcass swabs (pre-chill) were collected. The five caeca and lymph node samples from each herd were processed as one pool of caecal samples and one pool of lymph node samples, respectively, while the five carcass swabs were tested as individual samples. All isolates were characterised by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility. Results In total, 235 Salmonella spp. were isolated from 820 individual carcass swabs, 164 pooled lymph nodes and 164 caecal contents. Salmonella spp. were isolated from 54.3% of the caecal contents and from 31.7% of the ileo-caecal lymph node sample pools. A total of 11.5% of carcass-swab samples yielded Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium 4,[5],12:i:1,2 or its monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:-: predominated among isolates from all positive samples; accounting for 73% of lymph nodes, 68% of caecal contents and 56% of carcass swab isolates. S. London and S. Derby were the next most common isolated serotypes. Conclusions These results confirm continuing high levels of Salmonella in fattening pigs in Ireland although reductions in carcass contamination compared to previous surveys were noted. A high prevalence of Salmonella in lymph nodes suggests that it remains a significant problem pre slaughter and a challenge to abattoirs in adhering to process hygiene requirements. The high prevalence of monophasic S. Typhimurim 4,[5],12:i:-: is of serious concern. Therefore, it is important to identify contributing factors in the dissemination of this pathogen in the pork industry in order to minimise the risk of human salmonellosis cases.

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“…The monophasic variant of S . Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) emerged in Greece in 2007 and, since then, has been among the five-most common serotypes, as it has been described in previous studies [ 17 , 18 ]. In the EU annual reports on zoonotic agents, monophasic S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Resistance Profiles of Human Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in Greece, 2003–2020

et al. 2021

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Salmonella spp. is one of the most common foodborne pathogens in humans. Here, we summarize the laboratory surveillance data of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis in Greece for 2003–2020. The total number of samples declined over the study period (p < 0.001). Of the 193 identified serotypes, S. Enteritidis was the most common (52.8%), followed by S. Typhimurium (11.5%), monophasic S. Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i:- (4.4%), S. Bovismorbificans (3.4%) and S. Oranienburg (2.4%). The isolation rate of S. Enteritidis declined (p < 0.001), followed by an increase of the less common serotypes. Monophasic S. Typhimurium has been among the five most frequently identified serotypes every year since it was first identified in 2007. Overall, Salmonella isolates were resistant to penicillins (11%); aminoglycosides (15%); tetracyclines (12%); miscellaneous agents (sulphonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol and streptomycin) (12%) and third-generation cephalosporins (2%). No isolate was resistant to carbapenems. In total, 2070 isolates (24%) were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes and 903 (10%) to three and more. Out of the 1166 isolates resistant to fluoroquinolones (13%), 845 (72%) were S. Enteritidis. S. Enteritidis was also the most frequently identified serotype with a resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (37%, 62/166), followed by S. Typhimurium (12%, 20/166). MDR was most frequently identified for S. Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (resistant phenotype of ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole with or without chloramphenicol or trimethoprim).

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The Rising Burden of Salmonellosis Caused by Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) in Greece and New Food Vehicles

Cited by 18 publications

References 27 publications

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Non-typhoidal Salmonella From Retail Meat Products in California, 2018

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Non-typhoidal Salmonella From Retail Meat Products in California, 2018

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in slaughter pigs and carcasses in Irish abattoirs and their antimicrobial resistance

Diversity and Resistance Profiles of Human Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. in Greece, 2003–2020

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