The risk assessment of high‐fat diet in farmed fish and its mitigation approaches: A review

Abstract

In the era of intensification of fish farms, the high‐fat diet (HFD) has been applied to promote growth and productivity, provide additional energy and substitute partial protein in fish feeds. Certainly, HFD within specific concentrations was found to be beneficial in boosting fish performance throughout a short‐term feeding. However, excessive dietary fat levels displayed vast undesirable impacts on growth, feed efficiency, liver function, antioxidant capacity and immune function and finally reduced the economic revenue of cultured fish. Moreover, studies have shown that fish diets containing a high level of fats resulted in increasing lipid accumulation, stimulated endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressed autophagy in fish liver. Investigations showed that HFD could impair the intestinal barrier of fish via triggering inflammation, metabolic disorders, oxidative stress and microbiota imbalance. Several approaches have been widely used for reducing the undesirable influences of HFD in fish. Dietary manipulation could mitigate the adverse impacts triggered by HFD, and boost growth and productivity via reducing blood lipids profile, attenuating oxidative stress and hepatic lipid deposition and improving mitochondrial activity, immune function and antioxidant activity in fish. As well, dietary feed additives have been shown to decrease hepatic lipogenesis and modulate the inflammatory response in fish. Based on the literature, previous studies indicated that phytochemicals could reduce apoptosis and enhance the immunity of fish fed with HFD. Thus, the present review will explore the potential hazards of HFD on fish species. It will also provide light on the possibility of employing some safe feed additives to mitigate HFD risks in farmed fish.

Brown Seaweed (Padina australis) Extract can Promote Performance, Innate Immune Responses, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Gene Expression and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…Similarly, previous studies revealed the polyphenols-mediated beneficial effects on intestinal tight junction formation and barrier function [ 56 , 57 ]. The studies stated that polyphenols could enhance the integration of the intestines via different mechanisms [ 58 , 59 ]. Dietary P. australis is rich in polyphenols that can increase the expression of claudin-3 and claudin-7, leading to magnified intestinal integrity.…”

Effect of Replacement of Fish Meal by Corn by Product Meal on Growth Performance For Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus )

“…As aquaculture grows increasingly important for feeding the world's expanding population, so do the natural resources necessary to generate aquaculture feed ingredients [3]. Tilapia are warm-water fish with a light flavor, high yield, and tolerance to poor water quality [4][5][6]. Economically, Nile tilapia is one of the most significant freshwater fish species.…”

A High-Fat-Diet-Induced Microbiota Imbalance Correlates with Oxidative Stress and the Inflammatory Response in the Gut of Freshwater Drum (Aplodinotus grunniens)

“…With the fast development of aquaculture, high-fat diets are widely utilized because they promote growth and protein retention [ 6 ]. However, excessive lipids can cause various metabolic diseases [ 7 , 8 ] such as metabolic disorders, fat accumulation, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress [ 9 , 10 , 11 ], which can affect fish health.…”

“…Many factors, such as species, growth stage and environment, can regulate the gut microbial community [ 16 ]. It is universally recognized that diet plays a key role in determining the composition of the gut microbiota and that dietary lipid levels influence the metabolic capacity of the gut microbial community [ 11 , 17 ]. However, as the freshwater drum is a newly domesticated aquatic animal, the effects of a high-fat diet on its gut and microbiota have not been studied.…”