The Risk Assessment of Pesticide Ingestion with Fruit and Vegetables for Consumer’s Health

Jurak, Gordana; Bošnir, Jasna; Đikić, Domagoj; Ćuić, Ana Mojsović; Prokurica, Iva Pavlinić; Racz, Aleksandar; Jukić, Tomislav; Stubljar, David; Starc, Andrej

doi:10.1155/2021/9990219

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Therefore, our QAC waxes may be formulated into wax blends or existing emulsions to curtail the pervasive use of imazalil, for example, as there exist environmental and biological concerns with its use due to bioaccumulation. 25 Antimicrobial Activity of QAC Waxes. Antibacterial Activity.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We formulated our QAC waxes into carnauba wax and beeswax blends at up to 50 wt % and observed only a minor 1–5 °C decrease in the melting point of these materials and no significant phase separation as judged by the enthalpy of melting (Supporting Figure 2). Therefore, our QAC waxes may be formulated into wax blends or existing emulsions to curtail the pervasive use of imazalil, for example, as there exist environmental and biological concerns with its use due to bioaccumulation …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Biobased Waxes as Coating Materials

Metzcar

Gutierrez

Ownley

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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The objective of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial waxes to be used as both physical and biological protection to perishable fruits and vegetables. The existing wax materials used in postharvest coating applications do not provide this antimicrobial functionality. One class of such waxes was obtained by covalently linking quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) featuring alkyl, benzyl, and stearyl ester hydrophobic side groups to the terminal position of a bromo stearyl ester. A second class was obtained by linking these QACs to the pendant hydroxyl group of an aliphatic diamide made of 12-hydroxystearic acid, stearic acid, and ethylene diamine. In total, six distinct structures having three different QAC groups were synthesized. Compounds containing QACs with C 8 alkyl groups exhibited potent inhibition toward the growth of both bacteria and fungi. Notably, the complete inhibition of Penicillium italicum and Geotrichum candidum, two fungi detrimental to the postharvest quality of fruits, as well as the complete destruction of viable cells for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was observed when these organisms were incubated in contact with QAC waxes or dispersed in an aqueous system at a concentration of 1.0 mM. Comparatively, benzalkonium chloride with an alkyl chain length of 10 carbon can completely inhibit Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1.44 mM. The properties of the attached hydrophobic groups appeared to exert a strong influence on antimicrobial activity presumably due to differences in molecular orientation, size, and differences among microbial cellular structures.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Biobased Waxes as Coating Materials

Metzcar

Gutierrez

Ownley

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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“…In a study by Jurak et al [77], pesticide residues were detected in 31 out of 200 (15.5%) samples of fruits (oranges, grapefruits, lemons, mandarins, peaches, pears, grapes) and vegetables (tomato, potato). In fruit samples, pesticide residues were found in 22 out of 120 (18.3%) analysed samples.…”

Section: Citrus Fruitsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In a study on apples and lemons, Jurak et al [77] demonstrated that 18.3% of analysed samples were contaminated with pesticides. The most frequently identified compound was izmalil, detected in 18 analysed samples (range of 0.02-4.10 mg/kg), followed by chlorpyrifos, identified in 8 samples, at concentrations from 0.03 mg/kg to 0.27 mg/kg.…”

Section: Citrus Fruitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing

2022

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Over the span of the last decade, certain pesticides have been banned in apple tree and citrus tree cultivations. Hence, it is important to conduct research focused on estimating the occurrence of residues of pesticides from the perspective of compliance with the relevant legislative regulations. Equally important is to estimate the reduction in pesticide residues through simple procedures such as washing and peeling. This research was conducted in the years 2012 and 2020. An assessment was made of the effect of in-house processing, such as conventional washing with tap water and peeling, on the level of pesticide residues in apples and citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits and lemons). The level of pesticide residue was determined with the use of the QuEChERS method of extraction in conjunction with LC-MS/MS analysis. One can clearly observe a smaller number of pesticides identified in the edible parts of fruits in 2020 (seven pesticides in apples and three in citrus fruits) compared to 2012 (26 pesticides in apples and 4 in citrus fruits). In apples from 2012, only in the case of disulfoton was the maximum residue limit (MRL) exceeded, while in samples of apples from 2020 no instance of exceeded MRL was noted. This study did not reveal exceeded MRL values in the edible parts of citrus fruits in the analysed years. The absence of detected instances of pesticides not approved for use in the analysed years indicates that the producers complied with the relevant legislative regulations. The results obtained indicate that conventional washing with water (about 1.5 L/one fruit) did not have any effect on the level of pesticide residues in the analysed fruits. Apple peeling allowed for a reduction in pesticide levels in the range of 24% (carbendazim) to 100% (triflumuron, thiodicarb, tebuconazole).

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“…Um estudo recente sobre o risco de consumir frutas e legumes com resíduos de agrotóxicos na Croácia, concluiu que, em experimentos com animais, o fungicida imazalil exerceu alto potencial inflamatório e causou leucocitose(JURAK et al, 2021). Os resultados indicaram bioacumulação do agrotóxico em órgãos do corpo, mesmo com o uso de baixas doses por um longo período.…”

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Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no Brasil: Considerações acerca do monitoramento do PARA (2001-2018)

Gaboardi

2022

AMBIENTES: Rev. Geog. Ecol. Pol.

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O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar os desafios e os avanços no que se refere ao monitoramento de resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no Brasil, por meio dos relatórios do Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA), disponibilizados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Todos os relatórios disponíveis (2001 a 2018) foram analisados. Os resultados apontam que, em média, 63% dos alimentos consumidos pelos brasileiros, e que foram analisados pelo PARA, possuem algum tipo de resíduo de agrotóxicos. Além disso, os ingredientes ativos mais comercializados no Brasil (Glifosato e 2,4-D) entraram timidamente na análise, somente em 2017. O número de amostras analisadas em todo o período representa menos da metade do que tem sido analisado, por ano, na União Europeia. Ademais, os dados demonstram que os agrotóxicos mais detectados ao longo dos anos no PARA, como o carbendazim, o clorpirifós e o acefato, são de uso proibido na União Europeia e os Limites Máximos de Resíduos estabelecidos no Brasil possuem diferenças abissais se comparados aos países da Europa. Entretanto, ressalta-se que desde sua implementação, o programa passou por avanços importantes e é um instrumento fundamental para pensarmos as injustiças ambientais, o direito humano à alimentação adequada e a necessidade de valorizar a produção orgânica e agroecológica. Palavras-chave: Agrotóxicos; PARA; Alimentos; Limites Máximos de Resíduos. Pesticides residues in food products in Brazil: Considerations about PARA monitoring (2001-2018) Abstract This paper aims to analyse the challenges and advances in relation to the monitoring of pesticide residues in food products in Brazil, through the reports of the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food Products (PARA), made available by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). All available reports (2001 to 2018) were analysed. The results indicate, on average, 63% of the foods consumed by Brazilians, and which were analysed by PARA, have some type of pesticide residue. In addition, the most commercialized active ingredients in Brazil (Glyphosate and 2,4-D) only timidly entered the analysis in 2017. The number of samples analysed in the whole period represents less than half of what has been analysed, per year, in the European Union. Furthermore, the data show that the most detected pesticides over the years in PARA, such as carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, and acephate, are prohibited for use in the European Union and the Maximum Residue Limits established in Brazil have significant differences when they are compared to European countries. However, it is noteworthy that since its implementation, the program has achieved important progress and is a fundamental instrument for thinking about environmental injustices, the human right to adequate food, and the need to value organic and agroecological production. Keywords: Pesticides; PARA; Food; Maximum Residue Limits. Residuos de pesticidas en los alimentos en Brasil: Consideraciones sobre el monitoreo del PARA (2001-2018) Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar los desafíos y avances en el monitoreo de residuos de pesticidas en alimentos en Brasil, a través de los informes del Programa de Análisis de Residuos de Pesticidas en Alimentos (PARA), puestos a disposición por la Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria (ANVISA). Se analizaron todos los informes disponibles (2001 a 2018). Los resultados apuntan a que, en promedio, 63% de los alimentos consumidos por los brasileños, y que fueron analizados por el PARA, tienen algún tipo de residuo de pesticidas. Además, los ingredientes activos más comercializados en Brasil (Glifosato y 2,4-D) ingresaron tímidamente al análisis, solo en 2017. El número de muestras analizadas durante todo el período representa menos de la mitad de lo que se ha analizado al año en la Unión Europea. Además, los datos muestran que los pesticidas más detectados a lo largo de los años en el PARA, como carbendazima, clorpirifos y acefato, están prohibidos en la Unión Europea y los Límites Máximos de Residuos establecidos en Brasil tienen diferencias abismales en comparación con otros países de Europa. Sin embargo, es de destacar que, desde su implementación, el programa ha experimentado importantes avances y es un instrumento fundamental para pensar en las injusticias ambientales, el derecho humano a una alimentación adecuada y la necesidad de valorar la producción orgánica y agroecológica. Palabras clave: Pesticidas; PARA; Alimentos; Límites Máximos de Residuos.

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The Risk Assessment of Pesticide Ingestion with Fruit and Vegetables for Consumer’s Health

Cited by 11 publications

References 29 publications

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Biobased Waxes as Coating Materials

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Biobased Waxes as Coating Materials

Assessment of Pesticide Content in Apples and Selected Citrus Fruits Subjected to Simple Culinary Processing

Resíduos de agrotóxicos em alimentos no Brasil: Considerações acerca do monitoramento do PARA (2001-2018)

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