The Risk of Acute Kidney Injury With Co-Occurrence of Anemia and Hypotension During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Relative to Anemia Alone

Anemia Is a Risk Factor for Acute Kidney Injury and Long-Term Mortality in Critically Ill Patients

“…Because AKI frequently develops in the ischemic conditions, anemia can be one of reasons for the high incidence of AKI in hospital-admitted patients (i.e., 1 in 5 adults and 1 in 3 children patients) (Susantitaphong et al 2013). Previous studies in several clinical settings (Karkouti et al 2009;Legrand et al 2013;Sickeler et al 2014) and our ICU results support the relationship between anemia and AKI. Thus, it is helpful to monitor serum hemoglobin or anemia to prevent worse outcomes of AKI.…”

Minor Postoperative Increases of Creatinine Are Associated With Higher Mortality and Longer Hospital Length of Stay in Surgical Patients

“…17,42,43 The duration of intraoperative CPB has thus been linked to the incidence and severity of postcardiac surgery AKI. 8,15,[44][45][46][47] However, the fact that AKI in noncardiac surgery patients has a more profound impact on mortality and HLOS suggests that "low-grade AKI" caused by CPB is likely an event that the kidneys can recover from in most instances, whereas "low-grade AKI" without the use of CPB indicates a more severe form of intrinsic injury to the kidneys. Indeed, these findings alert to the fact that clinicians should take subclinical increases of creatinine levels in general surgery patients very seriously.…”

Nadir Oxygen Delivery on Bypass and Hypotension Increase Acute Kidney Injury Risk After Cardiac Operations

“…Several authors have noted the association of low hemoglobin while on CPB with AKI and death [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Probing further, Sickeler and colleagues [25] looked at anemia and hypotension, defined as the amount of time spent below a threshold pressure, but failed to find hypotension to be of importance when controlling for anemia [25]. Moreover, a detailed analysis of CPB pump flow data has shown that nadir DO 2 is a stronger predictor of AKI than nadir hemoglobin alone [26].…”