The Risk of Mosquito-borne Diseases Related to Mosquito Fauna Richness and Livestock Placements in South and West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The local fauna of mosquitoes may have an essential role in the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. AIM: The future risk of mosquito-borne diseases needs to be considered by the presence of factors that support mosquitoes and pathogens, such as the habitats, presence of host reservoirs, and placement of livestock in settlements. METHODS: Mosquito catching methods used Animal Barrier Screen (ABS), Kelambu Trap (KT), and Human Landing Catch (HLC) in the wet and dry season. The role of a large animal in getting mosquito bites was analyzed based on the proportion of mosquitoes sampled by HLC to all collected mosquitoes. The potential vector of mosquitoes was projected based on the habitat, species density, and presence of host reservoirs. RESULTS: Pasangkayu district had more mosquito fauna compared to North Toraja and Maros. However, the separated placement of livestock in North Toraja resulted in fewer mosquito bites to humans compare with Maros, where livestock was caged or tied directly beside individual houses. The separated placement of livestock in North Toraja and Pasangkayu acted as a barrier, while scattered placement among houses at Maros acted more as a mosquito attractant. CONCLUSION: The habit of placing livestock separate from human settlements may reduce mosquito bites, reducing the risk of contracting mosquito-borne diseases. This finding proves using livestock as an outdoor vector control strategy to protect mosquito bites and disease transmission.

Mosquito Diversity In Livestock Cages

“…Cattle cages placed near settlements can play a role in reducing the chance of mosquito bites in humans with the presence of livestock which is the main blood feed of these mosquitoes [19]. Plasmodium sporozoites were found in Anopheles vagus in South Sumatra, and the population was quite dominant.…”

“…Mosquitoes are related to livestock because various types of mosquitoes including vector mosquitoes suck livestock blood [19]. Mosquitoes are more zoophilic.…”