The Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Women Using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices as Compared to Non-Users

Weström, L; Bengtsson, L.G.; Mårdh, Per‐Anders

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91025-4

Cited by 201 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…From the family planning clinic case records 56 (19%) of all 293 women fitted with intrauterine contraceptive devices had complained of pain (table II), including abdominal pain unrelated to periods (31 cases), menstrual or premenstrual pain (14), low back pain (13), and dyspareunia (7). There were significant differences in the incidences '4 We suggest that these often calcium-encrusted fragments may be the foreign bodies necessary for the growth of actinomycetes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actinomyces-Like Organisms in Cervical Smears from Women using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

Duguid

Parratt

Traynor

1981

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actinomyces-Like Organisms in Cervical Smears from Women using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

Duguid

Parratt

Traynor

1981

Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey

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“…Age is a second major factor, with younger women at increased risk of PID compared to older women [8,31,[37][38][39][40][41]. Other reported risk factors are nulliparity [31,42 44], use of an IUD [31,[42][43][44][45][46][47][48], lower socioeconomic class [31], race [32], less than high school education [31], and previous PID [36]. Women who are themselves sterile or whose partners are sterile, or who are sexually inactive, show decreased estimates of relative risk for 4ontracting PID [31,49].…”

Section: Conduct Of Epidemiologic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Westr6m [41], Rubin et al [65], Kelaghan et al [64], and others have demonstrated that both oral and various barrier contraceptive methods have a substantial protective effect against development of PID. In studies in which IUD wearers are compared to users of other contraceptives, it is unclear whether the risk factors reported for IUDs are due to increased relative risk for IUD users or decreased relative risks for users of other contraceptives.Some authors have reported that nulliparous women who use IUDs are at greater risk of PID than are parous women who use IUDs [31,[42][43][44]; others have found the risk for nullipara and parous women to be similar [40,[74][75][76]. Such variations are probably due to confounding factors not considered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pelvic inflammatory disease, intrauterine contraception, and the conduct of epidemiologic studies

Bj¹

1985

Adv Contracept

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Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has been described in the medical literature for more than a century as a specific entity. Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycoplasma hominis, along with Bacteroides fragilis and other anaerobic bacteria, have been most frequently associated with PID. Factors affecting the occurrence of PID have been extensively studied during the past two decades and include number of sexual partners, age, race, socioeconomic status, education, and contraceptive method. As knowledge concerning factors that contribute to PID increases, epidemiologic studies addressing such issues must become increasingly sophisticated, and the literature needs to be re-evaluated in light of present knowledge. Various risk factors for PID, types of epidemiologic studies, methods for conducting such studies, and data interpretation are reviewed.

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“…Studies suggesting an association between IUD use and PID were mostly conducted in the US [1][2][3] and northern European countries [4,5], using a case-control approach. Most prospective studies did not detect a link [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bill of health for the IUD: Where do we go from here?

Chi

1994

Adv Contracept

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Although intrauterine devices (IUDs) are a highly cost-effective contraceptive method, they have been unfortunately associated with increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). However, new studies, including a 1992 World Health Organization (WHO) report, have demonstrated that there is little evidence of a causal link between IUD use and PID. IUD-related risk of PID is increased only during a short period following insertion, and exposure to STDs is probably the major determinant of PID risk for IUD users. Furthermore, no increased risk of PID use has been demonstrated with long-term IUD use. This paper examines the evidence, focusing on the 1992 WHO study, and looks to the future with suggestions for IUD research and programmatic approaches in the hope of vindicating the IUD's reputation and broadening the indications for its use.

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The Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Women Using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices as Compared to Non-Users

Cited by 201 publications

References 12 publications

Actinomyces-Like Organisms in Cervical Smears from Women using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

Actinomyces-Like Organisms in Cervical Smears from Women using Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices

Pelvic inflammatory disease, intrauterine contraception, and the conduct of epidemiologic studies

A bill of health for the IUD: Where do we go from here?

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