The Roadmap of Graphene-Based Sensors: Electrochemical Methods for Bioanalytical Applications

Abstract

Graphene (GR) has engrossed immense research attention as an emerging carbon material owing to its enthralling electrochemical (EC) and physical properties. Herein, we debate the role of GR-based nanomaterials (NMs) in refining EC sensing performance toward bioanalytes detection. Following the introduction, we briefly discuss the GR fabrication, properties, application as electrode materials, the principle of EC sensing system, and the importance of bioanalytes detection in early disease diagnosis. Along with the brief description of GR-derivatives, simulation, and doping, classification of GR-based EC sensors such as cancer biomarkers, neurotransmitters, DNA sensors, immunosensors, and various other bioanalytes detection is provided. The working mechanism of topical GR-based EC sensors, advantages, and real-time analysis of these along with details of analytical merit of figures for EC sensors are discussed. Last, we have concluded the review by providing some suggestions to overcome the existing downsides of GR-based sensors and future outlook. The advancement of electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and point-of-care (POC) devices could offer the next generation of precise, sensitive, and reliable EC sensors.

Graphene Production and Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…Graphene-based electrochemical sensors are used for the detection of cancer biomarkers and neurotransmitters, but also as immunosensors and for the detection various other bioanalytes [39]. Graphene's self-assembling characteristics are easily monitored, allowing it to be used in highly sensitive biosensors for DNA detection.…”

Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications

“…Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) sheet of hexagonal sp 2 -bonded carbon, 1 wherein each carbon atom is bonded to three neighbouring atoms, forming a highly stable lattice. 2 This arrangement grants graphene exceptional mechanical strength.…”