The Roads (Not) Taken: The Materiality, Poetics and Politics of Infrastructure in Manipur, India

Abstract

Roads are bitumen covered concrete metaphors of modernity and development, and they materially represent fantasies, collective hopes, and aspirations of future(s). They symbolize movement, connectivity, transactions and transportation, and eminently reflect governmentality. Our article is about Manipur’s connective infrastructures, and it focuses on internal roads, and a border highway that connects Imphal (Manipur’s capital city) to Dimapur at Nagaland in North-east India. We explain the infrastructural deficit within Manipur and decision-making about them being influenced by a hill-valley socio-ecological ethnic distributional conflict. The road links and is part of the uneven development route. We provide an ethnographic account of a truck journey undertaken between Imphal and Dimapur in 2018, and this enables us to understand routinized corruption and the collusion of state and non-state actors therein. The road is the symbol of hope, and a developmental desire, and epitomizes state’s governmentality and developmental project of progress, nonetheless it also gets transformed into the central locale of political protest, ethnic conflict when ethnic groups appropriate it forcibly to erect blockades and organize protests in its arterial space. The roads and highways spatially produce and reproduce (il)legality, (il)legibility, and (il)legitimacy of the Indian state. Our ethnographic research unpacks and invokes the multivalence of roads.

Roads and Rules: What Does Infrastructure Reveal about International Law?

“…This article does not intend to promote the existing lack of international law restraints upon the infrastructure sector or invite formal responses toward this indeterminacy that will cause their own harm. 216 Instead, given the trend toward "infrastructure diplomacy", 217 it suggests that road "networks" contingent promises (of economic growth, development, or access to human rights) 218 and patterned protections (harms, nonconstruction, and disrepair) reveal loose and even sometimes harmful entanglements with international law. Instead, we might consider alternatives to regulating roads as global supply networks, such as beginning with "a commitment to care" 219 or open-minded forms of cooperation.…”