The role and mechanisms of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles in inflammatory diseases

Abstract

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, bilayered, and nanosized membrane vesicles that are secreted from gram-negative bacteria. OMVs play a pivotal role in delivering lipopolysaccharide, proteins and other virulence factors to target cells. Multiple studies have found that OMVs participate in various inflammatory diseases, including periodontal disease, gastrointestinal inflammation, pulmonary inflammation and sepsis, by triggering pattern recognition receptors, activating inflammasomes and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction. OMVs also affect inflammation in distant organs or tissues via long-distance cargo transport in various diseases, including atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we primarily summarize the role of OMVs in inflammatory diseases, describe the mechanism through which OMVs participate in inflammatory signal cascades, and discuss the effects of OMVs on pathogenic processes in distant organs or tissues with the aim of providing novel insights into the role and mechanism of OMVs in inflammatory diseases and the prevention and treatment of OMV-mediated inflammatory diseases.

Protective potential of outer membrane vesicles derived from a virulent strain of Francisella tularensis

“…On the other hand, its production can lead to ineffective pathogen clearance and persistent infection which was also demonstrated in F. tularensis ( Armstrong et al, 1996 ; Duell et al, 2012 ; Metzger et al, 2013 ). The pro-inflammatory potential of OMVs is well-known and not entirely surprising because they contain a number of inflammatory substances as demonstrated in animal models with various bacteria ( Chen et al, 2023 ). The inflammation-inducing OMVs components are necessary for the immunoprotectivity, but their effect may be highly detrimental to the organism, as well.…”

Edible Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Oral mRNA Vaccine Delivery

“…Bacteria also secrete EVs, which play a crucial role in cross-talk with the host, playing a relevant role in pathogenesis [ 91 ]. EVs secreted by H. pylori carry several bacterial constituents acting as pathogenic factors for the host [ 92 ]. Since bacterial EVs carry antigenic components of bacteria, they may be exploited to stimulate the host immunity.…”

“…Since bacterial EVs are non-replicative, they may represent a suitable strategy to immunize the host without the risk of infection associated with intact bacterial cells. It has been shown that intranasal immunization with EVs derived from Neisseria meningitidis induces an effective mucosal immune response with the production of specific IgG and IgA [ 92 ]. Moreover, it has been shown that EV-based vaccines trigger not only the humoral but also the cell-mediated immune response [ 93 ].…”

Immunomodulatory properties of Bacillus subtilis extracellular vesicles on rainbow trout intestinal cells and splenic leukocytes

“…Consequently, OMVs have been sometimes seen to play a crucial role in infectious processes. Several reports have found that OMVs are involved in various inflammatory processes, as reviewed by Chen and colleagues ( 14 ). For example, it has been reported that Helicobacter pylori OMVs contribute significantly to inflammation by promoting the destruction of the mucin barrier ( 15 ).…”