The role and place of global surveys for assessing wastewater irrigation

Raschid-Sally, Liqa

doi:10.1007/s10795-009-9092-8

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Estimates of potential irrigable land using simple or complex methods have been attempted (Raschid-Sally 2010;Van Rooijen et al 2010). Using a crude method of calculation, this study found that over 1.1 Mha of land could be irrigated with wastewater generated from Class-I cities and Class-II towns across India.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India

Amerasinghe

Bhardwaj

Scott

et al. 2013

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The publications in this series cover a wide range of subjects-from computer modeling to experience with water user associations-and vary in content from directly applicable research to more basic studies, on which applied work ultimately depends. Some research reports are narrowly focused, analytical and detailed empirical studies; others are wide-ranging and synthetic overviews of generic problems.Although most of the reports are published by IWMI staff and their collaborators, we welcome contributions from others. Each report is reviewed internally by IWMI staff, and by external reviewers. The reports are published and distributed both in hard copy and electronically (www.iwmi.org) and where possible all data and analyses will be available as separate downloadable files. Reports may be copied freely and cited with due acknowledgment. About IWMIIWMI's mission is to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the environment. In serving this mission, IWMI concentrates on the integration of policies, technologies and management systems to achieve workable solutions to real problems-practical, relevant results in the field of irrigation and water and land resources. Copyright © 2013, by IWMI. All rights reserved. IWMI encourages the use of its material provided that the organization is acknowledged and kept informed in all such instances.Front cover photograph shows two women watering a spinach plot with wastewater in peri-urban Hyderabad, India (photo credit: Priyanie Amerasinghe).Please send inquiries and comments to IWMI-Publications@cgiar.org

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India

Amerasinghe

Bhardwaj

Scott

et al. 2013

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“…Its use increased from 2600 BC according to archeological studies . Wastewater use for irrigating and fertilizing crops and fruit trees dates back to 1700 BC in Crete . During the historical times, collection basins outside of cities appeared for wastewater irrigation in Hellenistic times at approximately 500 BC southeast of Acropolis .…”

Section: The History Of Wastewater Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater irrigation: past, present, and future

2017

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With population growth and social and economic development, water shortage is becoming a serious issue worldwide. As a key alternative water resource, wastewater can be used in agriculture to compensate for water shortages. Wastewater irrigation has a long development history and has undergone different phases in developing and developed countries. Untreated wastewater irrigation can come with numerous environmental problems. Strong management practices, such as the application of suitable treated and irrigated technologies, can be used to reap substantial benefits while minimizing risks. We discussed the major challenges associated with wastewater irrigation and its future use to help improve wastewater irrigation practices around the world. PROLOGUEW astewater can partly make up for shortages in water supplies and demand caused by the growing global population. The urban population accounted for 54% of the global population in 2014, and annual water use for the domestic sector is estimated to represent 11% globally. 1 More than 100 countries are facing water shortage of varying severity. 2 Roughly two thirds of the global population is projected to be suffering from moderate to high water stress by 2025. 3 Furthermore, roughly 40% of the global population is situated in heavily water stressed basins 4 that are experiencing agricultural failure due to a lack of water for irrigation. At the same time, a large volume of domestic and industrial wastewater is disposed of and has placed great pressures on the environment. Global wastewater discharge reaches 400 billion m 3 /year, polluting~5500 billion m 3 of water of per year. Due to its high quantities and nutritional properties (nitrogen and phosphorous), wastewater is used as a key water resource for irrigation and especially in arid and semiarid regions. 5 Wastewater can range from raw to diluted, can have various qualities, and is disposed of through various urban outlets (e.g., urban wastewater, treated wastewater, and reclaimed or recycled water) 6 ( Figure 1). Treated or untreated wastewater can be used directly for irrigation and treated urban wastewater can be used indirectly. 7 Wastewater is a reliable and stable source of water that can save fertilizer costs. Unlike clean water, wastewater flows do not vary with seasons, climatic conditions, or precipitation levels, thus allowing farmers to grow crops throughout the year. Moreover, wastewater contains nutrients that can boost crop growth and reduce chemical fertilizer use. Compared with clean water irrigation, wastewater use can save up to 45% of fertilizer applied for wheat while the ratio can reach 94% for alfalfa. 11 Meanwhile, wastewater irrigation poses risks to human health and the environment. The presence of parasitic worms and enriched heavy metals in food can likely spread diseases. 12 Wastewater irrigation can also lead to soil hardening, heavy metals enrichment, and shallow groundwater pollution 13,14 if used directly without pretreatment.While wastewater irrigation is essential, associated r...

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“…Additionally, treated water is less expensive than other alternative sources of irrigation water (e.g., desalinated water), since the reuse of treated water can also serve as a means of disposal of urban sewage water (Crook, 1997;Haruvy and Sadan, 1994). For comprehensive reviews of the use of treated effluent water in agriculture, including definitions, terminology, and typology of treated water, see Jimenez and Asano (2008) or Raschid-Sally (2010). For comprehensive reviews of the use of treated effluent water in agriculture, including definitions, terminology, and typology of treated water, see Jimenez and Asano (2008) or Raschid-Sally (2010).…”

Section: Irrigation With Nonpotable Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another advantage of using treated effluent to irrigate turf areas is that there are no associated safety restrictions such as those applicable to agricultural crops because turfgrasses are not grown for human consumption (Parsons and Wheaton, 1996). For comprehensive reviews of the use of treated effluent water in agriculture, including definitions, terminology, and typology of treated water, see Jimenez and Asano (2008) or Raschid-Sally (2010).…”

Section: Irrigation With Nonpotable Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Subsurface‐Applied Tailored Water: Combining Nutrient Benefits with Efficient Turfgrass Irrigation

Sevostianova

Leinauer

2014

Crop Science

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Irrigating turfgrass with treated effluent water has become a common practice in response to shrinking supplies of potable water. Newly developed decentralized water treatment systems produce recycled water containing varying quantities of N on short notice. Using such tailored water to irrigate turf areas would reduce or eliminate the need for additional mineral fertilizers if concentrations of nitrate in the water were raised during the growing season to meet the annual N requirement. On the basis of our estimates, in order for turfgrasses to receive their entire annual N requirements (20 to 25 g N m−2 yr−1) solely from effluent irrigation, nitrogen concentrations in irrigation water would need to range from as low as 11 mg L−1 for arid regions with a 12‐mo growing season to more than 50 mg L−1 in areas with only a 6‐mo growing season. Furthermore, tailored water should be applied with advanced irrigation systems with high distribution uniformity to minimize nitrate leaching. Subsurface irrigation systems distribute water more efficiently and uniformly and minimize human exposure to treated effluent, which would help dispel negative public perceptions regarding the use of effluent to irrigate public turf areas. As the use of treated effluent for turfgrass irrigation continues to increase, the idea of adjustable nutrient content in irrigation water combined with a subsurface irrigation delivery system could become an important means to sustainably maintain much‐needed urban green spaces.

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The role and place of global surveys for assessing wastewater irrigation

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India

Urban wastewater and agricultural reuse challenges in India

Wastewater irrigation: past, present, and future

Subsurface‐Applied Tailored Water: Combining Nutrient Benefits with Efficient Turfgrass Irrigation

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