The Role and Potential Pathogenic Mechanism of Particulate Matter in Childhood Asthma: A Review and Perspective

Xu, Xuchen; Zhang, Jianing; Yang, Xin; Zhang, Yuanyuan; Chen, Zhimin

doi:10.1155/2020/8254909

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…145 It has also been suggested that mucus hypersecretion is an underlying cause of hypoxia in COVID-19 patients. 146 Interestingly, PM exposure can suppress mucociliary clearance and promotes mucus hypersecretion, 147,148 although whether effects of PM exposure on mucus production and mucociliary clearance affect SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis is unclear. Pollutant exposure also decreases levels of various antioxidants in the respiratory tract-lining fluid and tissues, increasing the susceptibility to further oxidative damage mediated by inflammation and/or continued pollutant exposure.…”

Section: How Can Air Pollution Contribute To Sars-cov-2 Infection Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Woodby

Arnold

Valacchi

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

130

113

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Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2), ozone (O 3), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD-19associated immunopathology, enhancing virus-induced tissue inflammation and damage.

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Section: How Can Air Pollution Contribute To Sars-cov-2 Infection Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

Woodby

Arnold

Valacchi

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

130

113

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“…A number of environmental factors have been reported to affect the development and severity of asthma, including outdoor air pollutants (e.g., particulates, ozone), indoor irritants, and agents such as environmental tobacco smoke. However, it can be argued that the most significant inhaled agents that modulate the development of respiratory allergy and asthma are biologics [1]. Particulate matter PM10 exposure during pregnancy was reported as an association with the risk of a new diagnosis of asthma in recent studies, which becomes an additional risk factor predicting development of various inflammatory conditions future in life [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Link between Early Life Allergen Exposure and Neuroimmune Development in Children

Kushnir-Sukhov

2020

JCEI

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As COVID-19 unprecedented situation significantly increased the time families spend indoors, the awareness of unhealthy living conditions negatively impacting immune system and early neurodevelopment of children is of crucial importance. We retrospectively reviewed unrelated cases of the children with confirmed multiple indoor allergen sensitization due to prolonged exposure to unhealthy indoor environment with infestation and water damage, who, in addition to multiple health problems related to allergy and asthma, also developed neuroimmune complications and growth delay. Documented early in life atypical neurologic and behavioral changes were common in all cases. Clinical analysis did not establish other causative reason aside from prenatal and early life exposure to unhealthy living conditions. Alternaria Alternara and Penicillium/Aspergillus molds were found in all homes and sensitization was confirmed in all cases. Significant similarities in the symptoms recorded in all three families led us to a hypothesis that, likely, a significant level of the immune response to external immunogenic pathological stimulus such as mold spore protein, mycotoxin protein, dust mite protein, decay-related volatile particles (VOC) skewed a balance of the neuroimmune interactions, and further affected neuronal network establishment. As all children exhibited significant spectrum of the systemic inflammatory conditions early in life, coupled with inability to follow normal neurodevelopment, we hypothesize that an overwhelming activation of the aggressive immune mechanisms by the epigenetic factors led to glia activation, cytokine storm and break of tolerance. We hypothesize that developing immune system exhibited aggressive responses due to environmental danger signals; subsequently TH-1 or TH-2 switch enables multiple clinical syndromes development with atypical presentation due to the described novel mechanism. An increased due to the COVID-19 lock-down may increase an amount of exposure of vulnerable people to indoor biological particles and volatile organic compounds present in unhealthy buildings. It is of crucial importance to identify and remediate indoor exposure factors that can decrease immune protection, especially against infectious pathogens such as novel coronavirus.

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“…Based on "aerodynamic equivalent diameter" (AED), PM is categorized into three classes, including coarse particles or PM 10 (ranging from 2.5 to 10 µm); fine particles or PM 2.5 (smaller than 2.5 µm); ultrafine particles or PM 0.1 (UFP, smaller than 0.1 µm) [34,35]. Regardless of the PM composition, differently sized PMs are expected to have different particle velocities for settling in the respiratory tract [36]. Generally, PM contains various chemical constituents, including inorganic ions (e.g., sulfates, nitrates, ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride), heavy metals (including cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium, and zinc), black carbon, and organic compounds (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) [28,37,38].…”

Section: Source and Characteristics Of Pmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, information regarding the pathophysiological aspects of these diseases and their association with innate immunity remains scarce. Various factors could influence the incidence, severity, and pathogenesis of these diseases, including the period of exposure, exposure duration, particle size and components of PM, ethnicity, age, and gender [36].…”

Section: Inflammatory Insultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic Implications of Biomass-Derived Particulate Matter for Immunity and Immune Disorders

Nagappan

Park

Lee

et al. 2021

Toxics

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Particulate matter (PM) is a major and the most harmful component of urban air pollution, which may adversely affect human health. PM exposure has been associated with several human diseases, notably respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggests that exposure to biomass-derived PM associates with airway inflammation and can aggravate asthma and other allergic diseases. Defective or excess responsiveness in the immune system regulates distinct pathologies, such as infections, hypersensitivity, and malignancies. Therefore, PM-induced modulation of the immune system is crucial for understanding how it causes these diseases and highlighting key molecular mechanisms that can mitigate the underlying pathologies. Emerging evidence has revealed that immune responses to biomass-derived PM exposure are closely associated with the risk of diverse hypersensitivity disorders, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergen sensitization. Moreover, immunological alteration by PM accounts for increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Evidence-based understanding of the immunological effects of PM and the molecular machinery would provide novel insights into clinical interventions or prevention against acute and chronic environmental disorders induced by biomass-derived PM.

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The Role and Potential Pathogenic Mechanism of Particulate Matter in Childhood Asthma: A Review and Perspective

Cited by 27 publications

References 84 publications

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, COVID‐19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

A Novel Link between Early Life Allergen Exposure and Neuroimmune Development in Children

Mechanistic Implications of Biomass-Derived Particulate Matter for Immunity and Immune Disorders

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