The Role of 6G Technologies in Advancing Smart City Applications: Opportunities and Challenges

Sharma, Sanjeev; Popli, Renu; Singh, Sajjan; Chhabra, Gunjan; Saini, Gurpreet Singh; Singh, Maninder; Sandhu, Archana; Sharma, Ashutosh; Kumar, Rajeev

doi:10.3390/su16167039

Cited by 4 publications

References 254 publications

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Research on center-assisted ring-core few-mode fiber with an eccentric circle for mode degeneracy separation in space division multiplexing

Ye,

Ning,

Pei

et al. 2024

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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An eccentric-circle-assisted ring-core fiber (ECRF) structure is proposed to effectively separate spatial-degenerated linear polarization (LP) modes while maintaining birefringence at the 10−6 level, which provides more degrees of freedom in the design of few-mode fiber employment in space division multiplexing (SDM) systems. Our simulation analysis demonstrates that the effective refractive index difference (Δneff) between the spatially degenerate modes in this fiber falls within the range of (2.44−6.42)×10−4 at 1530–1565 nm, given the refractive index difference level typical of conventional fiber core and cladding. In addition, the polarization separation level for each mode is on the order of 10−6 and below. The design requirements of significant separation of spatial degeneracy and basically no separation of polarization degeneracy are achieved. Based on the characteristics of spatially degenerate mode in this fiber, we extend the regulation law for spatially degenerate mode separation of the LP m n mode groups in center-assisted ring-core fibers. In comparison to the existing center-assisted ring-core fiber structure, the ECRF can further reduce the fabrication difficulty and increase the feasibility of preparation.

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Research on center-assisted ring-core few-mode fiber with an eccentric circle for mode degeneracy separation in space division multiplexing

Ye,

Ning,

Pei

et al. 2024

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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A Compact Ultra-Wideband Millimeter-Wave Four-Port Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna for 5G Internet of Things Applications

Sharma,

Sharma

et al. 2024

Sensors

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This paper presents a compact design for a four-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications covering the bands of n257/n258/n261. The MIMO design covers the frequency range of 24.25–29.5 GHz, with a wide bandwidth of 5.25 GHz. The element of the MIMO antenna structure uses a single circular patch with an inset feed, and, in order to improve the reflection coefficient (S11), a half-disk parasitic patch is positioned on top of the circular patch. Moreover, to fine-tune the antenna’s characteristics, two vertical stubs on the extreme ends of the ground plane are introduced. For this design, a Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with ultra-thin thickness is used. After the optimization of the design, the four-port MIMO antenna attained a tiny size, with the dimensions 16.2 mm × 16.2 mm × 0.254 mm. In terms of the MIMO parameters, the ECC (Envelop Correlation coefficient) is less than 0.002 and the DG (Diversity Gain) is greater than 9.99 dB in the mentioned band, which are within the tolerance limits. Also, in spite of the very small size and the four-port configuration, the achieved isolation between the neighboring MIMO elements is less than −23.5 dB.

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Privacy and Security Concerns With 6G Smart City Infrastructure

Prajapati,

Gosai,

Suthar

et al. 2024

Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering

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6G technology in smart cities brings a new era of connection, efficiency, and innovation, but it also raises privacy and security concerns. This chapter discusses smart city components such IoT devices, autonomous systems, and smart grids. It introduces 6G networks' ultra-low latency, massive device connections, and high data rates. This chapter discusses cyber-physical attacks, data breaches, network intrusions, and other privacy and security issues particular to 6G-enabled smart cities. Smart city environments generate a lot of data, thus data ownership, permission, and anonymization are carefully examined. This chapter discusses 6G-appropriate security and privacy tactics such enhanced encryption, secure communication protocols, and AI-driven threat detection systems. In conclusion, this chapter discusses privacy and security in 6G-enabled smart cities, including where the field is going and what the future holds for research, to help create trustworthy, resilient, and secure smart city ecosystems that can take advantage of 6G's revolutionary capabilities.

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The Role of 6G Technologies in Advancing Smart City Applications: Opportunities and Challenges

Cited by 4 publications

References 254 publications

Research on center-assisted ring-core few-mode fiber with an eccentric circle for mode degeneracy separation in space division multiplexing

Research on center-assisted ring-core few-mode fiber with an eccentric circle for mode degeneracy separation in space division multiplexing

A Compact Ultra-Wideband Millimeter-Wave Four-Port Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna for 5G Internet of Things Applications

Privacy and Security Concerns With 6G Smart City Infrastructure

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