To chemists, graphic structures are descriptions of reality which not only identify chemical compounds but also convey relationships concerning functions, reactivity, and properties. Chemical formulas and structures also are essential methods of entry through which information is located or correlated in the body of chemical knowledge, but practical methods have not been available for indexing structures, in contrast to indexing representations of them which are further abstractions of chemical reality. Furthermore, bulky structures cannot be printed conveniently with conventional linear type and they have no inherent equivalent for speech. Therefore, chemists and documentalists have devised a variety of descriptive codes or representations to record and communicate chemical structures and the compounds they portray. These methods include nomenclature, structure hierarchy, fragmentation, cipher notation, and topological coding.