“…In the HRM in MNEs stream, although 'standardisation' and 'adaptation' imply that certain processes are at play, empirical studies have been slow to analyse the processes involved (Rupidara & McGraw, 2011;Smale, 2008). This is particularly noteworthy in the branch of this stream that looks at the transfer of HRM practices, since the conceptualisation of standardisation as being the result of transfer -typically from headquarters to subsidiary -suggests that our understanding of patterns of HRM practices within MNEs requires an understanding of what happens, or does not happen, during the transfer process (Gamble & Huang, 2009;Chang, Smale, & Tsang, 2013).…”