This article is devoted to the assessment of structural changes in the agriculture of the Republic of Uzbekistan. At first, the current issues of agriculture and the tasks of the Republic of Uzbekistan were mentioned in the article. After that, a brief review of the scientific literature on the topic, namely, the ideas about structural change, structural growth, and the concept of benchmark content is covered. Then, in the methodology of the research, the reference values for the agricultural composition, the proportionality of the reference composition (in the coefficient), and the formulas used to find the value of the improved Lilien index (MLI) are shown. In the results of the empirical analysis, the share of production of the main agricultural products in the structure of the economy (in percent), changes in the structure of production of the main agricultural products (in percent of the total), and reference values are expressed. At the end of the article, scientific conclusions and proposals are presented about the changes in the structure of production of the main agricultural products in the country, summarizing all the calculation results.