The Role of Angiogenesis and Pro-Angiogenic Exosomes in Regenerative Dentistry

Abstract

Dental surgeries can result in traumatic wounds that provoke major discomfort and have a high risk of infection. In recent years, density research has taken a keen interest in finding answers to this problem by looking at the latest results made in regenerative medicine and adapting them to the specificities of oral tissue. One of the undertaken directions is the study of angiogenesis as an integrative part of oral tissue regeneration. The stimulation of this process is intended to enhance the local availability of stem cells, oxygen levels, nutrient supply, and evacuation of toxic waste. For a successful stimulation of local angiogenesis, two major cellular components must be considered: the stem cells and the vascular endothelial cells. The exosomes are extracellular vesicles, which mediate the communication between two cell types. In regenerative dentistry, the analysis of exosome miRNA content taps into the extended communication between these cell types with the purpose of improving the regenerative potential of oral tissue. This review analyzes the stem cells available for the dentistry, the molecular cargo of their exosomes, and the possible implications these may have for a future therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in the oral wounds.

PDLSCs Regulate Angiogenesis of Periodontal Ligaments via VEGF Transferred by Exosomes in Periodontitis

“…Exosomes, a type of packaged mediators probably containing functional proteins, functionally transfers to other cells through such an emerging novel paracrine pathway [12,13]. Numerous evidences showed that MSCs, as well as dental stem cells, could regulate function of endothelial cells via exosome-mediated signaling [14,15]. Various biological factors were involved in angiogenic regulation [16].…”

Tumor Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Strategies for Cancer Treatment

“…Among these mechanisms, angiogenesis plays a fundamental role in various physiological and pathological conditions, including wound healing and bone repair and regeneration, by reestablishing the normal blood flow and consequently the efflux of gases, nutrients, and growth factors [7,11,12]. Additionally, by regulating the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of newly developed tissue structures, angiogenesis represents a key element in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications [11,13].…”

Extracellular Vesicles From Pathological Microenvironment Induce Endothelial Cell Transformation and Abnormal Angiogenesis via Modulation of TRPV4 Channels

“…EVs are small vesicles (30-150 nm for exosomes, 100 nm-1 µm for microvesicles) containing nucleic acids and proteins and are an important element of cell-to-cell communication. Emerging evidence has shown that EVs play a role in promoting tumor angiogenesis (Ludwig and Whiteside, 2018;Zimta et al, 2019), however, exact mechanisms have yet to be determined.…”