The Role of AOPP in Age-Related Bone Loss and the Potential Benefits of Berry Anthocyanins

Abstract

Age-related bone loss is a major factor in osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures among the elderly. Because bone homeostasis involves a balance between bone formation and resorption, multiple mechanisms may induce age-dependent changes in bone. Oxidative stress is one such factor that contributes to the pathology of aging-associated osteoporosis (AAO). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) are a biomarker of oxidant-mediated protein damage, and can also act to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby perpetuating oxidative damage. AOPP is a relatively novel marker of oxidative stress, and its role in bone aging has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, it has been theorized that dietary antioxidants may decrease AOPP levels, thereby reducing AAO risk, but a limited number of studies have been specifically targeted at addressing this hypothesis. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the findings of existing research on the role of AOPP in age-related bone loss, and the potential use of dietary antioxidants to mitigate the effects of AAOP on age-related bone loss. Cross-sectional studies have delivered mixed results, showing that AOPP levels are inconsistently associated with bone loss and aging. However, in vitro studies have documented multiple mechanisms by which AOPP may lead to bone loss, including upregulation of the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways as well as increasing expression of sclerostin and of receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). Studies also indicate that antioxidants—especially berry anthocyanins—may be an effective dietary agent to prevent aging-associated bone deterioration by inhibiting the formation of AOPP and ROS. However, the understanding of these pathways in AAO has largely been based on in vitro studies, and should be examined in further animal and human studies in order to inform recommendations regarding dietary anthocyanin use for the prevention of AAO.

Research Progress of the Role of Anthocyanins on Bone Regeneration

“…Increasing evidence has demonstrated the beneficial role of ACNs on bone health (Zheng et al, 2016;Melough et al, 2017;Shimizu et al, 2018;Speer et al, 2020). Many ACNs could promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and/or inhibit osteoclastogenesis (Park et al, 2015;Dou et al, 2016;Sakaki et al, 2018;Nagaoka et al, 2019a;Nagaoka et al, 2019b;Casati et al, 2019;Saulite et al, 2019;Domazetovic et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2021;Imangali et al, 2021;Karunarathne et al, 2021).…”

Effects of Acupuncture on Cholesterol, Antioxidant and Oxidant Parameters in Obese Women: Clinical Trials

“…AOPP is a proinflammatory indicator showing the inflammation step of protein oxidation. 27 SOD, GPx and CAT are important antioxidant defenses that remove free radicals. Oxidative stress occurs when super radicals cannot be compensated by antioxidants.…”

Internalization of Neutrophil-Derived Microvesicles Modulates TNFα-Stimulated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes

“…Moreover, the MTT assay for cellular viability is contingent upon the reductive nature of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and the oxidative nature of MTT [ 22 ]. Exogenous MPO might promote the oxidative action of FLS to create more advanced oxidative protein products (AOPPs) to motivate NADPH oxidase, meaning that the NADPH concentration would be decreased [ 23 ]. This might result in a reduced level of purple formazan after treatment with a vesicle/cell ratio of 100 for 24 h. However, MPO from NDMVs may not influence FLS viability as no significant difference was observed at 24 h of treatment with NDMVs.…”