The Role of Apolipoprotein A-IV in Food Intake Regulation

Abstract

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a glycoprotein synthesized by the human intestine. In rodents, both the small intestine and the liver secrete apo A-IV; the small intestine, however, is by far the major organ responsible for the circulating apo A-IV. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is markedly stimulated by fat absorption and appears not to be mediated by the uptake or reesterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. Rather, it is the formation of chylomicrons that acts as a signal for the induction of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also enhanced by a factor from the ileum and that factor is probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). The inhibition of food intake by apo A-IV is probably mediated centrally. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV likely plays a role in the short-term regulation of food intake. Other evidence suggests that apo A-IV may also be involved in the long-term regulation of food intake and body weight. Chronic ingestion of a high fat diet blunts the intestinal apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may explain why the chronic ingestion of a high fat diet predisposes both animals and humans to obesity.

Effects of Leptin Deficiency and Short-Term Repletion on Hepatic Gene Expression in Genetically Obese Mice

“…A lesser amount is produced by the liver. Apo A-IV has been postulated to modulate feeding behavior negatively (36), regulate HDL metabolism (37), and impart atherosclerosis resistance (38,39). Our microarray profiles detected a 10-fold increase in hepatic expression of Apo A-IV in Lep ob /Lep ob mice.…”

Short-term effects of yoghurt containing a novel fat emulsion on energy and macronutrient intakes in non-obese subjects

“…14 ± 17 Furthermore, powerful satiety signals A novel fat emulsion and satiety AA Burns et al arise from the gastrointestinal tract after an eating episode, one of the most important of which is that produced by the interaction of nutrients with receptors in the small intestine 18 which stimulate the release of putative satiety factors. These include apolipoprotein A-IV, 19 and hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), 20,21 glucagon-like peptide 1, 22,23 enterostatin 24 ± 26 and leptin. 27 Since the decrease in the intake of fat was particularly pronounced following the consumption of Olibra TM , it may be that apolipoprotein A-IV or enterostatin are of particular relevance since they have been shown to inhibit the intake of dietary fat in a number of experimental protocols.…”

“…27 Since the decrease in the intake of fat was particularly pronounced following the consumption of Olibra TM , it may be that apolipoprotein A-IV or enterostatin are of particular relevance since they have been shown to inhibit the intake of dietary fat in a number of experimental protocols. 19,24,26 On the other hand, orosensory factors are important in appetite regulation 28 and subjects could have been responding to different sensory cues from the yoghurts. Although both yoghurts were judged to be equally palatable, full descriptive sensory analyses of the two yoghurts are not available.…”

Decrease of plasma apolipoprotein A-IV during weight reduction in obese adolescents on a low fat diet

“…10 Several studies in rodents point to a role for apoA-IV as a satiety factor acting via the central nervous system to suppress food intake. 11 Despite the potential role of apoA-IV as a satiety factor few data are available on apoA-IV in obesity. In human obesity, apoA-IV protein polymorphisms were reported to be associated with differences in body mass index and percentage of body fat and with the response of HDL levels to weight reduction.…”