Abstract:Autophagy plays an essential role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by responding to certain stressed conditions such as nutrient deprivation, organelle damage, pathogen infection, and exposure to certain nanomaterials. Through deliberate tuning of the physicochemical properties, the fate of nanomaterial-treated cells is subjected to various cellular toxicity, stress responses, and immune responses, some of which involve various autophagic mechanisms. Beginning from the molecular basis of the autophagy machi… Show more
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