The Role of Autophagy in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection

Heinz, Johanna; Kennedy, Peter G. E.; Mogensen, Trine H.

doi:10.3390/v13061053

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Despite a report of mitochondrial abnormalities, no studies to date have evaluated the role of mitophagy in VZV infection. Moreover, all available data on the role of autophagy in VZV has been acquired using non-ocular models (116). For an in depth review on what is known on the relationship between autophagy and VZV infection, the reader is directed to the review by Heinz et al (116).…”

Section: Viral Keratitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives

2023

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The cornea is the clear dome that covers the front portion of the globe. The primary functions of the cornea are to promote the refraction of light and to protect the eye from invading pathogens, both of which are essential for the preservation of vision. Homeostasis of each cellular layer of the cornea requires the orchestration of multiple processes, including the ability to respond to stress. One mechanism whereby cells respond to stress is autophagy, or the process of “self-eating.” Autophagy functions to clear damaged proteins and organelles. During nutrient deprivation, amino acids released from protein breakdown via autophagy are used as a fuel source. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, functions to clear damaged mitochondria. Thus, autophagy and mitophagy are important intracellular degradative processes that sustain tissue homeostasis. Importantly, the inhibition or excessive activation of these processes result in deleterious effects on the cell. In the eye, impairment or inhibition of these mechanisms have been associated with corneal disease, degenerations, and dystrophies. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on autophagy and mitophagy at all layers in the cornea in both non-infectious and infectious corneal disease, dystrophies, and degenerations. It further highlights the critical gaps in our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction, with implications for novel therapeutics in clinical practice.

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Section: Viral Keratitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives

2023

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“…Concerning HSV-1, many studies revealed its escape strategies and the potential protective effects of autophagy during infection [ 132 , 133 ]. However, VZV lacks these specific genes encoding proteins interfering with autophagy, suggesting that in some cases, VZV may be able to exploit autophagy for its replication [ 134 , 135 ].…”

Section: Regulation Of Apoptosis Autophagy Er Stress and Stress Granu...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tug of War: Pseudorabies Virus and Host Antiviral Innate Immunity

Zhou

et al. 2022

Viruses

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The non-specific innate immunity can initiate host antiviral innate immune responses within minutes to hours after the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the natural immune response is the first line of defense for the host to resist the invaders, including viruses, bacteria, fungi. Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the infected cells or bystander cells recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of invading pathogens and initiate a series of signal cascades, resulting in the expression of type I interferons (IFN-I) and inflammatory cytokines to antagonize the infection of microorganisms. In contrast, the invading pathogens take a variety of mechanisms to inhibit the induction of IFN-I production from avoiding being cleared. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus. PRV is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease (AD, pseudorabies). Although the natural host of PRV is swine, it can infect a wide variety of mammals, such as cattle, sheep, cats, and dogs. The disease is usually fatal to these hosts. PRV mainly infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in swine. For other species, PRV mainly invades the PNS first and then progresses to the central nervous system (CNS), which leads to acute death of the host with serious clinical and neurological symptoms. In recent years, new PRV variant strains have appeared in some areas, and sporadic cases of PRV infection in humans have also been reported, suggesting that PRV is still an important emerging and re-emerging infectious disease. This review summarizes the strategies of PRV evading host innate immunity and new targets for inhibition of PRV replication, which will provide more information for the development of effective inactivated vaccines and drugs for PRV.

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“…Autophagy is a highly conserved cytoplasmic pathway of maintaining physiological stability in eukaryotes, which sequesters and removes unwanted self-materials by degrading them into amino acids for re-use. A growing number of studies established an antiviral role of autophagy in the host response against pathogenic infection [ 103 , 104 ]. It was reported that the interaction of IBDV VP2 with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90AA1) induced autophagy through the HSP90AA1-AKT-mTOR pathway early during infection, and the activated autophagy inhibited virus replication ( Figure 1 ), suggesting that autophagy is involved in host defense against IBDV infection [ 105 ].…”

Section: Host Response To Ibdv Infection At the Protein Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Combats IBDV Infection at Both Protein and RNA Levels

Zhang

Zheng

2022

Viruses

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Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute, highly contagious, and immunosuppressive avian disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In recent years, with the emergence of IBDV variants and recombinant strains, IBDV still threatens the poultry industry worldwide. It seems that the battle between host and IBDV will never end. Thus, it is urgent to develop a more comprehensive and effective strategy for the control of this disease. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying virus–host interactions would be of help in the development of novel vaccines. Recently, much progress has been made in the understanding of the host response against IBDV infection. If the battle between host and IBDV at the protein level is considered the front line, at the RNA level, it can be taken as a hidden line. The host combats IBDV infection at both the front and hidden lines. Therefore, this review focuses on our current understanding of the host response to IBDV infection at both the protein and RNA levels.

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The Role of Autophagy in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection

Cited by 13 publications

References 71 publications

The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives

The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives

A Tug of War: Pseudorabies Virus and Host Antiviral Innate Immunity

Host Combats IBDV Infection at Both Protein and RNA Levels

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