The Role of Bainite in Wear and Friction Behavior of Austempered Ductile Iron

Wen, Fulin; Zhao, Jianhua; Zheng, Dengzhi; He, Kun; Ye, Wei; Qu, Sheng Guan; Shangguan, Jingjing

doi:10.3390/ma12050767

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The ferrite and carbide cannot change into austenite completely. The relatively high cooling rate for the quenching process inhibits the diffusion of carbon, which hinders the formation of the bull's-eye ferrite [16][17]. Compared with the normalized and quenched-tempered sample, only the fine lower bainite is observed in the isothermal-quenched samples.…”

Section: Microstructural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the strength and toughness mechanisms of ductile iron in three heat‐treatment processes

Lin,

Jin,

Chen

et al. 2024

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of the ductile iron in three heat treatment processes (normalizing, quenching + high‐temperature tempering and isothermal quenching) were investigated in this paper. The pearlite and ferrite with large‐sized spherical graphites can be obtained in the normalized sample, and the spherical graphites with relatively large size can still be observed in the mechanical mixture of tempered martensite and acicular ferrite for the quenched‐tempered sample. Meanwhile, the lower bainite accompanied with the relatively fine spherical graphites are existed in the isothermal‐quenched sample. The difference of tensile strength is mainly caused by the phase composition, distribution and size of the spherical graphites and the effect of the solid solution strengthening. The weaker degree of the debonding damage, higher proportion of high‐angle grain boundaries will improve the impact toughness of the ductile iron. In a word, the optimum combination of strength and toughness is acquired by using isothermal quenching, and the tensile strength and impact toughness are ~1350 MPa and ~10.62 J, respectively.

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Section: Microstructural Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the strength and toughness mechanisms of ductile iron in three heat‐treatment processes

Lin,

Jin,

Chen

et al. 2024

Materialwissenschaft Werkst

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show abstract

“…Austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been the subject of numerous studies in the past in order to exploit its attractive combination of tensile strength, ductility, fatigue strength, and toughness [1][2][3]. The wear resistance of ADI is reported to be comparable with quenched and tempered ductile iron [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of austempering temperature on microstructure and tribological behaviour of hypoeutectic austempered ductile iron alloyed with copper

Batra

Singh

Sharma

2022

Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces

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In the present work, Cu alloyed ductile iron was isothermally treated at five different temperatures (280°C, 300°C, 320°C, 350°C, and 380°C) for 1 h to obtain an ausferrite microstructure composing a very fine ferrite phase and carbon enriched austenite. Microstructural characteristics exhibited a high ultimate tensile strength of 950-1600 MPa of ADI comparable to or even stronger than forged steels. The bulk hardness was 460-288 HV10, higher than pearlite, but lower than pure martensitic. The tribological behaviour of ADI was investigated using a 10 mm pin diameter during sliding. Its friction coefficient decreased almost by half as compared with ductile iron due to its ausferritic morphology and carbon enrichment. Under oxidative and adhesive conditions, an austempered microstructure with very fine ferrite and high carbon austenite is most wear-resistant due to its adequate strength, toughness, and lubricative behaviour. Wear resistance of ADIs can be improved through tailoring microstructure through austempering.

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“…The authors measured the austenite content using XRD tests and reported that the austenite transforms with a loading effect, and lower bainite, which contains a higher amount of austenite, responds better to loading. 12 Zhang et al investigated the potential usage of dual-phase ADI as a candidate material for metro wheels and investigated wear mechanisms under rolling contact. 13 Furthermore, Polishetty et al reported that plastic deformation-based manufacturing techniques, such as machining, may also cause the transformation of austenite to martensite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Hardness, Toughness, and Tribological Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Nickel Contents

Çakir

2021

Inter Metalcast

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Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is a candidate material to replace case-hardened steel in many applications. The mechanical properties of ADI can be tailored by the chemical composition and heat treatment conditions. In this study, different nickel content Ductile Irons (DI) were cast and heat treated. In order to design the austempering process, time-temperature-transformation diagrams were generated with the Calculation of Phase Diagrams method. For each chemical composition, one group was tested in its as-cast state while the second and third groups were austempered. For austempering, the casting is reheated to austenitization temperature (900 °C) and then quenched in a salt bath at a temperature of 300 °C and held at this temperature for 2 h. The third group was cryo-treated (-196 °C for 6 h) and tempered (200 °C for 2 h) after the austempering process. Microstructural examination was performed using an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction technique. The effect of heat treatment on the hardness, toughness, and tribological behaviors of samples was investigated. The results showed that austempering with correct parameters significantly improved the hardness, toughness, and wear resistance of DI. The nickel content of DI plays a significant role in determining the properties of the alloy, and the optimum Ni amount among the tested compositions was found to be 1.64%. It was observed that cryogenic treatment facilitates some of the austenite to martensite transformations and improves wear resistance (20%); however, it has a limited effect on hardness (2-3 HRc) and toughness (±3 J).

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The Role of Bainite in Wear and Friction Behavior of Austempered Ductile Iron

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Revealing the strength and toughness mechanisms of ductile iron in three heat‐treatment processes

Revealing the strength and toughness mechanisms of ductile iron in three heat‐treatment processes

Effect of austempering temperature on microstructure and tribological behaviour of hypoeutectic austempered ductile iron alloyed with copper

The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Hardness, Toughness, and Tribological Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Nickel Contents

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