The role of bile salts in digestion

Maldonado-Valderrama, Julia; Wilde, Peter J.; Macierzanka, Adam; Mackie, Alan

doi:10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.002

Cited by 468 publications

(329 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Their peculiar self-assembly characteristics facilitate their beneficial functions in digestion and absorption of water-insoluble nutrients (fats and fat-soluble vitamins) by dispersing them into mixed micelles (MM). [2][3][4] BSs are later reabsorbed either by active transport from the terminal ileum or passively throughout the whole length of the intestine. When the 3956 elnaggar reabsorption process is complete, BSs recirculate to the liver via the portal vein, undergoing this enterohepatic circulation 6-15 times per day.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their extraordinary emulsifying and solubilizing properties have led to their utilization as delivery systems for medicines and cosmetics as well. 1,2 Such natural surfactants are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol that is used as a precursor for primary BSs, mainly chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and cholic acid. During fasting, bile is concentrated in the gall bladder, whereas upon food intake, bile is secreted into the small intestine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifaceted applications of bile salts in pharmacy: an emphasis on nanomedicine

Elnaggar¹

2015

IJN

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The human body has long provided pharmaceutical science with biomaterials of interesting applications. Bile salts (BSs) are biomaterials reminiscent of traditional surfactants with peculiar structure and self-assembled topologies. In the pharmaceutical field, BSs were employed on the basis of two different concepts. The first concept exploited BSs’ metabolic and homeostatic functions in disease modulation, whereas the second one utilized BSs’ potential to modify drug-delivery characteristics, which recently involved nanotechnology. This review is the first to gather major pharmaceutical applications of BSs from endogenous organotropism up to integration into nanomedicine, with a greater focus on the latter domain. Endogenous applications highlighted the role of BS in modulating hypercholesterolemia and cancer therapy in view of enterohepatic circulation. In addition, recent BS-integrated nanomedicines have been surveyed, chiefly size-tunable cholate nanoparticles, BS-lecithin mixed micelles, bilosomes, probilosomes, and surface-engineered bilosomes. A greater emphasis has been laid on nanosystems for vaccine and cancer therapy. The comparative advantages of BS-integrated nanomedicines over conventional nanocarriers have been noted. Paradoxical effects, current pitfalls, future perspectives, and opinions have also been outlined.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifaceted applications of bile salts in pharmacy: an emphasis on nanomedicine

Elnaggar¹

2015

IJN

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“…Combined the digestive capacity of the various lipases is generally a slight excess relative to the amount of fat ingested (28,29). Because of the slight excess of enzyme relative to its substrate, the main mechanisms that have been used to droplets, either by; stopping enzyme activity (30,31), controlling the composition of the interface (32)(33)(34)(35), controlling the area of the interface (22,36) or encapsulation (37). A number of groups have demonstrated in vitro and/or in vivo that such approaches can have considerable effects on; the rate (22,36) and/or the extent (31, 38) of fat digestion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…What is unknown is how much the balance of the role of fat in our diet is evolutionary or environmental. Hence, there is keen interest in understanding how foods in general and lipids in particular are transformed during eating, digestion and absorption (4,9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Protein Gel Porosity on the Digestion of Lipid Emulsions

Sarkar

Juan

Kolodziejczyk

et al. 2015

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Abstract:The present study sought to understand how the structure of protein gels impacts lipolysis of gelled emulsions. The selected system consisted of an o/w emulsion embedded within gelatine gels. The gelatine gelled emulsions consisted of a discontinuous network of aggregated emulsion droplets, dispersed within a continuous network of gelatine. The rheology of the gelled emulsions was dominated by the rheological behaviour of the gelatine, at no point was yielding or brittle fracture observed suggesting a gelatine continuous structure rather than a bi-continuous gel. A direct relationship between the speed of fat digestion and gel average mesh size was found, indicating that the digestion of fat within gelatine gelled emulsions is controlled by the gels ability to slow lipase diffusion to the interface of fat droplets. Digestion of fat was facilitated by deposition of the gelatine network, which mainly occurred via surface erosion catalysed by proteases. Overall this work has demonstrated that protein gels can considerably slow the kinetics of lipolysis of gelled emulsions, key for the future development of structures to control fat digestion and or the delivery of nutrients to different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.Introduction:

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“…Endogenous surfactants such as phospholipids and bile acids play a vital role in the hydrolysis and transport of lipids. Bile salts can adsorb onto fat droplets and can remove other materials such as proteins, emulsifi ers and lipolysis products from the lipid surface (Maldonado-Valderrama et al 2011 ). As a result they should be used in intestinal simulations.…”

Section: Static Models For Lipid Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to Static Digestion Models

Mackie

Rigby

Macierzanka

et al. 2015

The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health

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It is not possible to look in detail at the wide range of static digestion methods that have been used to date. However, this section looks at some of the general approaches that have been used to look at the digestion of various nutrients and bioactives. I have focussed on the two main nutrients that undergo digestion in the upper GI tract, namely protein and lipid. In the case of protein, the research has largely been driven by the need to assess allergenic potential and the parameters used in such an assessment are given along with the justifi cation provided by the authors for their choice. For the lipid digestion, we have drawn heavily upon the work of Julian McClemments and colleagues who have been prolifi c in generating data in this area. The information provided highlights the fact that a wide range of methods are in use leading to a need for a single method, a role that can be fi lled by the Infogest method.

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The role of bile salts in digestion

Cited by 468 publications

References 66 publications

Multifaceted applications of bile salts in pharmacy: an emphasis on nanomedicine

Multifaceted applications of bile salts in pharmacy: an emphasis on nanomedicine

Impact of Protein Gel Porosity on the Digestion of Lipid Emulsions

Approaches to Static Digestion Models

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