The role of carbohydrate reserves in evergreen tree development, with particular reference to macadamia

Olesen, Trevor; Robertson, David; Muldoon, Steven J.; Meyer, Richard

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2008.03.026

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…There are several reports that suggest that developing litchi fruit are dependent on current photosynthates produced by the new leaves below the inflorescences (Yuan and Huang, 1988;Roe et al, 1997;Hieke et al, 2002b;Bikash et al, 2011). Similar data were also reported in macadamia by Olesen et al (2008). The branches that were pruned would have had fewer leaves per shoot than the branches that were left intact.…”

Section: The Response To Hedging In Bundabergsupporting

confidence: 82%

Pruning to control tree size, flowering and production of litchi

Olesen

Menzel²,

McConchie³

et al. 2013

Scientia Horticulturae

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Section: The Response To Hedging In Bundabergsupporting

confidence: 82%

Pruning to control tree size, flowering and production of litchi

Olesen

Menzel²,

McConchie³

et al. 2013

Scientia Horticulturae

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“…cx 4 ) fitted to the response of log 10 (total polyphenol concentration) (log 10 [TP]) in mature leaves above 1.5 m to log 10 (proportion of productive canopy volume missing as a result of shoot browsing ?1) for C. apiculatum taller than 2 m at Nkuhlu, 28-30 January 2008 Table 4 Parameters of linear models (y = a ? bx) fitted to (a) the response of log 10 (phosphorus concentration) to log 10 (total proportion of productive canopy volume removed by shoot browsing ?1), and (b) the response of log 10 (total polyphenol concentration) to log 10 (total proportion of productive canopy volume removed by shoot browsing ?1) for G. flavescens at Nkuhlu, 28-30 January 2008 increasing browsing intensity accumulate C from current photosynthate or storage (Medhurst et al 2006;Alcorn et al 2008;Olesen et al 2008). The primary C source in G. flavescens is not likely to be storage because the root system is not large; plants are easily uprooted by elephants, revealing shallow roots.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary C source in G. flavescens is not likely to be storage because the root system is not large; plants are easily uprooted by elephants, revealing shallow roots. As long as sufficient leaves remain after browsing, photosynthesis contributes more than stored C to accumulation of C (Medhurst et al 2006;Olesen et al 2008). Compensatory photosynthesis is expected when sink demand for C is increased, e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given that photosynthesis depends on N availability, and our plants were not obviously N stressed, we postulate that compensatory photosynthesis is more likely than storage to be the primary source of C in G. flavescens, but this remains to be tested. Under the most severe browsing, compensatory photosynthesis in remaining leaves may not support C accumulation, leading to reliance on storage (Olesen et al 2008). Both C. apiculatum and G. flavescens were browsed at similar intensities by means of shoot biting (presumably by kudu, giraffe and elephant), but their contrasting responses imply that the effect of shoot biting (removal of apical buds) is inconsistent among species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary metabolites and nutrients of woody plants in relation to browsing intensity in African savannas

Scogings

Hjältén

Skarpe³

2011

Oecologia

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Carbon-based secondary metabolites (CBSMs) are assumed to function as 26 defences that contribute to herbivore-avoidance strategies of woody plants. Severe 27 browsing has been reported to reduce concentrations of CBSMs and increase N 28 concentrations in individual plants, causing heavily browsed plants to be characterised 29 by N-rich/C-poor tissues. We hypothesised that concentrations of condensed tannins 30 (CT) and total polyphenols (TP) should decrease, or N increase, in relation to 31 increasing intensity of browsing, rendering severely browsed plants potentially more 32 palatable (increased N:CT) and less N-limited (increased N:P) than lightly browsed 33 ones. We sampled naturally browsed trees (taller than 2 m) of four abundant species 34 in southern Kruger National Park, South Africa. Species-specific relationships 35 between N:CT, CT, TP and P concentrations and increasing browsing intensity were 36 detected, but N and N:P were consistently invariable. We developed a conceptual 37 post-hoc model to explain diverse species-specific CBSM responses on the basis of 38 relative allocation of C to total C-based defence traits (e.g., spines/thorns, 39 tough/evergreen leaves, phenolic compounds). The model suggests that species with 40 low allocation of C to C-based defence traits become C-limited (potentially more 41 palatable) at higher browsing intensity than species with high allocation of C to C-42 based defences. The model also suggests that when N availability is high, plants 43 become C-limited at higher browsing intensity than when N availability is low. 44 45

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“…Including radiation did little to improve the models, but radiation is still important because canopy photosynthesis decreases once photosynthetic photon flux falls below 500 mmol/m 2 .s (Lloyd et al 1995), and current photosynthate contributes most of the energy required for growth (Sprugel et al 1991;Olesen et al 2008). Temperature and radiation are correlated (r 2 = 0.38; Fig.…”

Section: Flush Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model of vegetative flush development and its potential use managing macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) tree canopies

2009

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We examined the relationship between shoot growth and temperature and solar radiation in macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche, M. integrifolia Â tetraphylla Johnson) as an aid to developing pruning strategies for this crop. Trees growing at Alstonville (28.98S) in northern NSW, Australia, were pruned at various times to promote vegetative flushing under a range of environmental conditions. Flush development in macadamia is cyclic: bud release and stem elongation followed by a period of dormancy, before bud release of the subsequent flush. The rate of bud release after pruning was best correlated with the product of the mean temperature and solar radiation (r 2 = 0.75, P < 0.0001), whereas the rate of flush development was best correlated with the mean temperature (r 2 = 0.76, P < 0.0001). The number of buds released per pruned stem was greater under higher temperatures and solar radiation (r 2 = 0.37, P < 0.001), but the length of the flush after pruning decreased with increasing temperatures (r 2 = 0.32, P < 0.01).The descriptive models were combined with long-term weather data to predict the duration and characteristics of flushes following pruning at various times of the year along Australia's eastern seaboard, from Mareeba (17.08S) to Coffs Harbour (30.38S). Flush duration and stem length following June pruning were predicted to be greater than following early autumn or September pruning and to vary from year to year, and with location (latitude). We discuss the implications of the model predictions for productivity and propose pruning times intended to optimise flowering and yield. Further research is required to test these proposed pruning strategies.

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The role of carbohydrate reserves in evergreen tree development, with particular reference to macadamia

Cited by 18 publications

References 11 publications

Pruning to control tree size, flowering and production of litchi

Pruning to control tree size, flowering and production of litchi

Secondary metabolites and nutrients of woody plants in relation to browsing intensity in African savannas

A model of vegetative flush development and its potential use managing macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) tree canopies

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