The role of cardiac computed tomography in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis – A comparison with transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography and intra-operative findings

Native valve, prosthetic valve, and cardiac device-related infective endocarditis: A review and update on current innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

“…Further, results of blood cultures can be inconclusive due to contamination by commensal bacteria, a complex polymicrobial biofilm (Oberbach et al, 2017), or insufficient amounts of bacteria to culture. Negative blood cultures are found in approximately 24% of all IE cases, which is similar for NVE (25%), CDRIE (26%), and PVE (23%) (Hussein et al, 2016;Koneru et al, 2018;Calais et al, 2019;de Camargo et al, 2019;El Gabry et al, 2019;Habib et al, 2019;Heriot et al, 2019;Nesterovics et al, 2019;Płońska-Gościniak et al, 2019;San et al, 2019;Witten et al, 2019;Bohbot et al, 2021;Duval et al, 2021;Jędrzejczyk-Patej et al, 2021;Michałowska et al, 2021;Pyo et al, 2021).…”

“…CT can be advantageous because it has an improved spatial resolution compared to echocardiography that allows for the detection of infected valve manifestations, such as biofilms, leaflet thickening, valve perforation, valve aneurysm, and vascular complications like mycotic aneurysm, arterial emboli, and septic pulmonary infarcts (Vincent and Otto, 2018;Erba and Slart, 2020). However, Koneru et al reported CT having a low sensitivity (16%) for all IE, and more specifically 11% in NVE and 19% in PVE, which is low compared to other papers which reported sensitivities of 89% for all IE, 57-80% in NVE, and 82-96% in PVE (Koneru et al, 2018;Hryniewiecki et al, 2019;Gomes et al, 2020;Sifaoui et al, 2020;Velangi et al, 2020;Michałowska et al, 2021). Overall, various imaging modalities fulfil an essential role in the evaluation and management of IE.…”

“…Microorganisms obtained from cultures of CDRIE patients were predominately staphylococci (54%), followed by streptococci (12%) and enterococci (5%) ( Habib et al, 2015 ; Hussein et al, 2016 ; Koneru et al, 2018 ; Calais et al, 2019 ; Nesterovics et al, 2019 ; Płońska-Gościniak et al, 2019 ; Witten et al, 2019 ; Jędrzejczyk-Patej et al, 2021 ). Staphylococci are considerably more prevalent in CDRIE compared to NVE (27%) and PVE (32%) ( Hussein et al, 2016 ; Koneru et al, 2018 ; Calais et al, 2019 ; de Camargo et al, 2019 ; El Gabry et al, 2019 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; Heriot et al, 2019 ; Nesterovics et al, 2019 ; Płońska-Gościniak et al, 2019 ; San et al, 2019 ; Witten et al, 2019 ; Bohbot et al, 2021 ; Duval et al, 2021 ; Jędrzejczyk-Patej et al, 2021 ; Michałowska et al, 2021 ; Pyo et al, 2021 ). Streptococci (25%) and enterococci (16%) also cause PVE ( de Camargo et al, 2019 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; San et al, 2019 ; Duval et al, 2021 ; Michałowska et al, 2021 ; Pyo et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Staphylococci are considerably more prevalent in CDRIE compared to NVE (27%) and PVE (32%) ( Hussein et al, 2016 ; Koneru et al, 2018 ; Calais et al, 2019 ; de Camargo et al, 2019 ; El Gabry et al, 2019 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; Heriot et al, 2019 ; Nesterovics et al, 2019 ; Płońska-Gościniak et al, 2019 ; San et al, 2019 ; Witten et al, 2019 ; Bohbot et al, 2021 ; Duval et al, 2021 ; Jędrzejczyk-Patej et al, 2021 ; Michałowska et al, 2021 ; Pyo et al, 2021 ). Streptococci (25%) and enterococci (16%) also cause PVE ( de Camargo et al, 2019 ; Habib et al, 2019 ; San et al, 2019 ; Duval et al, 2021 ; Michałowska et al, 2021 ; Pyo et al, 2021 ). Enterococci causing NVE and CDRIE tends to be more common in elderly or chronically ill patients ( Cahill and Prendergast, 2016 ; Yang and Frazee, 2018 ).…”

Predictive Value of the Transthoracic Echocardiography Index for Acute Kidney Injury after Cardiac Valve Surgery

“…Echocardiography, which mainly consists of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), has been widely applied in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative CS patients and, to some extent, TEE is currently the gold standard for diagnosis after CS [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Compared with TEE, TTE is more frequently used by clinicians for hemodynamic management and guides decision-making at the ‘point-of-care’ because it is non-invasive, easy, and quickly feasible [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”