The Role of Cardiovascular Ultrasound in Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Embolism

Abstract

The diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most important problems in medical emergencies. Commonly accepted criterion for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis is the lack of vein compressibility assessed by Compression UltraSonography. Echocardiography represents an easily available and reliable imaging technique in the clinical setting of hemodynamic instability and in the direct visualization of thromboembolic masses in the right heart chambers. Moreover, echocardiography is useful for prognostic stratification after acute PE as right ventricular dysfunction is the most important predictor of mortality in this context. This review aims to highlight usefulness, potentialities and perspectives of standard and advanced echocardiography in evaluating patients affected by PE.

Blood flow imaging of high frame rate two‐dimensional vector in cardiovascular ultrasound detection

“…Then, the total delay time can be expressed as [30]: The signal at the target point is the result of the delayed superposition of the received signals of all the array elements in the aperture. Then, the relationship between the echo signals and can be expressed as [31] For composite Doppler imaging, a parameter is introduced here because it needs to emit plane waves in different directions. The final signal of the target point needs to accumulate the RF signals obtained by the multiple angles of the plane wave, and then In ultrasound blood flow imaging, the estimate of Doppler frequency is dependent on the PRF.…”